COMPOUNDING & REDUPLICATION

KATA MAJEMUK & REDUPLIKASI

1. Nurul Khasanah Based on :
1. Understanding Morphology – Martin Haspelmath
2. Hanif Maghfiroh 2. Modern Linguistics Morphology – Francis Katamba
3. Tyas P Anjarini 3. The Grammar of Words – Geert Booij
 CAKUPAN POKOK BAHASAN
Bentuk-bentuk reduplikasi
Ciri-ciri compound words
lintas bahasa

Perbedaan compound words Model analisis Compounding

and frasa and reduplikasi

Model deskripsi proses

Diskusi tanya jawab
compounding
Frasa atau Kata Majemuk?
 COMPOUND WORDS
Based on booij: 79 “ compounding consists of the combination of two words to make new lexemes”

Examples from Compound Structures:

1. Noun + Noun = Noun
note + book = notebook
2. Adjective + Noun = Noun
blue + berry = blueberry
3. Verb + Noun = Noun
bath + room = bathroom
4. Noun + Adjective = Adjective
two + faced = two-faced
5. Verb + Verb = Verb
stir + fry = stir-fry
6. Adjective + Adjective = Adjective
bitter + sweet = bittersweet
7. Verb + preposition = Noun
break + up = breakup
8. Preposition + Adjective = Adjective
under + pressure = under-pressure
Compound words can be written in three ways:
COMPOUND TYPES
1. Endocentric compounds

2. Exocentric compounds

3. Copulative compounds

4. Appositive compounds
 ENDOCENTRIC COMPOUNDS
Compound which has two words that when we put together (A+B) denotes a special kind of B.
*So B is the head that confers its core meaning.

Example: windmill, smalltalk and bookstore.

Contoh dalam bahasa : rumah sakit dan kacamata.
 EXOCENTRIC COMPOUNDS
Compound which has two words and when we put together (A+B) denotes a special kind of an
unexpressed semantic word.
* The compounds do not have correlation of its meaning.
* Without head as the core.

Example: slit-eye, highbrow, walkman and pickpocket.

Contoh dalam bahasa : kaki lima dan lahir batin.
Compound words meaning can be influenced by:
~ Conventional/Culture interpretation
~ Metaphorical connotations, etc.
 COPULATIVE COMPOUNDS
Compound which has two words and when we put together (A+B) denotes the summary of what A
and B denote.

Example:
Bittersweet  Having both tastes.
Sleepwalk  Sleeping while walking in your sleep.
 APPOSITIVE COMPOUNDS
Compound which has two words and when we put together (A and B) provide different descriptions for
the same referent.
*Both compound words have the same referent.
*The meaning of which can be characterized as “ as well as”.

Example:
Player-coach  Who is a player as well as a coach.
Maidservant  A maid who is also a servant.
PERBEDAAN KATA MAJEMUK (COMPOUND WORD ) DAN
FRASA (PHRASE)
1. Accent Subordination: one word accent dominates the rest in a compound, but in
comparable syntactic phrase.
Compound Words Phrase

Example: Example:
WHITEhouse (i.e. American President’ residence), WHITE HOUSE (i.e. Any house that is white), with
wth main stress on WHITE and reduced stress on equal stress on two words, is syntactic phrase.
house is a compound.
Note: Accent subordination is a useful criteria. But unfortunately, it is not found in
all compounds.
Example: Apple pie and easy-going.
PERBEDAAN KATA MAJEMUK (COMPOUND WORD ) DAN
FRASA (PHRASE)
2. Semantically Compositional
Compound Words Phrase

Memiliki makna baru atau memiliki satu Frasa tidak memiliki makna baru, melainkan
makna tetapi maknanya masih dapat makna sintaktif atau makna grmatikal.
ditelusuri secara langsung dari kata-kata
yang digabungkan.
Contoh: Contoh:
Kaki Meja Kaki Nasir (Kakinya Nasir)
blueberry (berry that is blue) Nice girl ( girl who is nice)
MODEL DESKRIPSI PROSES COMPOUNDING
1. Headedness of Compound
MODEL DESKRIPSI PROSES COMPOUNDING
2. The Right-hand Head Rule (RHR)
MODEL DESKRIPSI COMPOUND WORDS
3. Left-Headed Compounds
MODEL DESKRIPSI PROSES COMPOUNDING
4. Headless Compounds
BENTUK & ANALISIS REDUPLIKASI
(Based on Katamba: 180) A process whereby an affixs is realised by
phonological material borrowed from the base. (Sebuah proses dimana afiks
didasari oleh prangkat fonologis yang diambil dari base).

Total Reduplication Reduplication as prefixation

Reduplication as Suffixation Internal Reduplication

Francis Katamba: 184-192

 1. TOTAL REDUPLICATION
A reduplication of Entire Words

English Malagsy Language

be (big) be-be (Fairly big)

Fotsy (White) Fotsi-Fotsy (Whitish)
goody goody-goody (berlebihan) maimbo (stinky) Maimbo-maimbo (somewhat stinky)
bye bye-bye(sampai jumpa) hafa(Different) hafa-hafa (somewhat different)
boo boo-boo(kesalahan bodoh)

(keenan and polinsky 1998:571)

 2.REDUPLICATION AS PREFIXION
Reduplication of CV-sequense before the base

Bahasa Ponapean

Berlari-lari (ber+lari) Duph (dive) Du-duph (be diving)

Berteriak-teriak (ber+teriak) mikh (Suck) Mi-mikh (be sucking)
berputar-putar (ber+putar) wekh (confess) we-wekh (be confessing)
berseru-seru (ber+seru)

bd Chaer 2008: 183 Regh 1981:78

 3.REDUPLICATION AS SUFFIXION
Reduplication of VC-sequense after the base

Saho Words Mangap-Mbula

Kuk (bark) Kuk-uk(be barking))

lafa (bone) lafof (bones) Kel (dig) Kel-el (be digging)
illa (spring) illol (springs) Kan (eat) Kan-an (be eating)
gaba (hand) gabob (hands)

Bugenhagen 1995:53
 4. INTERNAL REDUPLICATION
Affixes inserted internally in a stem or base

Bahasa Samoan

Leluhur (luhur) Alova Alolova (love)

tetangga (tangga) Savali Savavali (walk)
Peparu (paru) Maliu Maliliu (die)
ANALISIS REDUPLIKASI
Reduplikasi dapat dianalisis menggunakan CV-Template agar kita mengetahui proses
reduplikasi dan pembentukan kata ulang tersebut.

Reduplikasi Utuh bahasa Inggris

1. She always makes boo-boo
(reduplication in entire words)
boo (n) + R = Boo-boo (n)

Reduplikasi as Prefixion (Agta)

2. Takki (n) 'Leg' = Taktakki 'legs'
(CVC-sequence before the base)
(plural)
ANALISIS REDUPLIKASI LINTAS BAHASA

Reduplikasi as Suffixion
3. Lafa (n) 'bone' = lafof 'bones'
(VC-sequence after the base)

Internal Reduplication
4. savali (v) 'walk'+R = Savavali ' walks'
(infixing in the second syllable CV sequence form)