Analysis of Second Law & Reversible Cyclic Machines

P M V Subbarao
Professor
Mechanical Engineering Department

Methods to Recognize Practicable Good

Innovations…..
 Statements of Second Law of Thermodynamics

Kelvin Planks postulate

“It is impossible to construct a heat engine which
produces no effect other than the extraction of
heat from a single source and the production of an
equivalent amount of work”

Clausius postulate
“The Clausius statement: It is impossible to construct a
heat pump produces no effect other than the transfer
of heat from a cooler body to a hotter body.”
http://www.humanthermodynamics.com/2nd-Law-Variations.html
 Discussion of Statements of Second Law

• Both are negative statements.

• They cannot be proved.
• They will remain correct till they are disproved.
• Violation of Kelvin Planks statement leads to violation of
Clasius statement and vice versa.
• Can a heat engine be reversed to work as heat pump or
refrigerator?
• If yes, what will be the COP of this reversed engine?
• Can a reversed heat pump perform same as forward
engine between same reservoirs?
 Reversible Heat Pump

HTR (Sink)

QHP QRHP

WHP WRHP

QLP QRLP

LTR (Source)

First law:
WLP = QLP - QHP First law:
WRHP = QRHP - QRHP
rev = QHP/WHP
 Definition of Reversible Heat Pump
A Reversed heat pump works as a Heat Engine.

If A Heat Pump & Reversed heat pump are working between same
reservoirs,

WHP  WHE QLP  QLE QHP  QHE

WHE WHP QHP

 RHP   RHP   hp 
QHE QHP WHP
1
 RHP 
 HP
 Consequences of Second Law

• The performance of a reversed heat pumps is same as a heat engine.

• The performance of reversed heat engine is same as a heat pump.
• Heat engine and Reversed heat pump follow Kelvin-Plank
statement.
• Heat pump and Reversed heat engine follow Clausius statement.
• All reversible heat engines working between same reservoirs should
equally perform.
• It is impossible to construct a reversible heat engine better than
another reversible machine working between same reservoirs.
• All reversible heat pumps working between same reservoirs should
equally perform.
• It is impossible to construct a reversible Heat pump better than
another reversible machine working between same reservoirs.
 A Compound Reversible Machine

HTR (Sink) Both Reversible Pump and Engine

having same performance
QHE = QHP
QHE QHP rev = 1/rev

Wnet Perpetual Motion Machine III

E 

QLP
QLE
QLE = QLP

LTR (Source)
 Liberal Market & Innovation

• All innovations will perform equally, if each innovation is

a reversible heat engine.
• All innovations will perform equally, if each innovation is
a reversible heat pump.
• Innovation of reversible machines will lead to innovation
of PMM –III.
• There is no scope for further innovation after first
innovation.
• No need to have many ideas for a given need…
• What is this PMM-III?
 Models for Reversible Machines

A Blue Print for Construction of Reversible

Machine!!!!
 Famous Models for Reversible Machines

• The Stirling Cycle: Reverend Robert Stirling patented a

hot air engine in 1816 called “The Economiser”.
• The Carnot Cycle :1824 : Réflexions sur la puissance
motrice du feu et sur les machines propres à développer
cette puissance which includes his description of the
"Carnot cycle".
• The Regenerative Cycle
 The Reversible Cycles : Carnot Cycle

• The first model (1824) for reversible machine is the Carnot

cycle.
• This consists of two reversible isothermal processes and
two reversible adiabatic processes.
• Hence Carnot Cycle is a Reversible Cycle.
• This mode can be used to construct either a heat engine or
a heat pump.
pv Diagram : Gaseous (Single Phase) substance
executing a Carnot Cycle
• 1 – 2 : Reversible Isothermal heat addition
• 2 – 3 : Reversible Adiabatic Expansion
• 3 – 4 : Reversible Isothermal Heat Rejection.
• 4 – 1 : Reversible Adiabatic Compression.
Carnot Gas Engine : Crank-Slider Mechanism
Carnot Engine using Phase Change Substance

HTR

Boiler 2
1

Turbine
Compressor

4
3
Condenser

LTR
pv Diagram
 1 – 2 : Boiler: Isothermal Heating : T2 = T1

   
   
Q CV  min  h  V 2  gz in
 mout  h  V 2  gz out
 W CV
QCV
2 3

No work transfer, change in kinetic and potential energies are negligible

  
Q CV  m hin  m hout
Assuming a single fluid entering and leaving…
  
Q boiler  m hout  hin   m Thigh   y3  y2 
 2-3 : Turbine :Reversible Adiabatic Process

2
T

   
   
Q CV  min  h  V 2  gz in
 mout  h  V 2  gz out
 W CV
No heat transfer. Change in kinetic and potential energies are
negligible
  
m hin  m hout  W CV

    4
W turbine  m hin  hout   m h3  h2    m  vdp
3
 3 – 4 : Condenser : Isothermal Cooling : T3= T4

   
   
Q CV  min  h  V 2  gz in
 mout  h  V 2  gz out
 W CV
QCV

1 4

No work transfer, change in kinetic and potential energies are

negligible
  
Q CV  m hin  m hout
Assuming a single fluid entering and leaving…
  
Q Condenser  m hout  hin   m Tlow  y1  y4 
 Compressor : Reversible Adiabatic Compression Process
4
1

 
SSSF: Conservation of mass m in  m out
First Law :

   
   
Q CV  min  h  V 2  gz in
 mout  h  V 2  gz out
 W CV
No heat transfer, change in kinetic and potential energies are negligible

   2
W compressor  m h1  h4    m  vdp
1
 Analysis of Cycle
• A Cycles is a Control Mass : Constant Mass Flow Rate
• First law:
 Sqi = Swi

• qb+qc = wt+wc

wnet = qnet = h2-h1 + (h4-h1) = Thigh (y2-y1) + Tlow(y4-y1)

Thigh (y2-y1) = Thigh Dyboiler & Tlow (y4-y1) = Tlow Dycondenser

wnet = qnet = h2-h1 + (h4-h1) = Thigh Dyboiler + Tlow Dycondenser

qboiler = Thigh(y2-y1) = Thigh Dyboiler

 • Efficiency of the cycle = net work/heat input

wnet ThighDyboiler  TlowDycondenser

Carnot  
qb ThighDyboiler

wnet TlowDyc
Carnot   1
qb ThighDyb
 Dy is a change in a variable of a working fluid.
• Different working fluid will have different values of Dy at same
Temperatures.
•However, the efficiencies of all reversible cycles operating between
same reservoirs should have same efficiency!!
•The magnitude of Dy should be same at hot and cold reservoir
conditions.
Dyb  Dyc  Dy
 wnet TlowDy
Carnot   1
qb ThighDy

wnet Tlow
Carnot   1
qb Thigh

wnet qb  qc Tlow
Carnot    1
qb qb Thigh

Higher the temperature of heat addition, higher will be the efficiency.

Lower the temperature of heat rejection, higher will be the efficiency.
Efficiency of a Reversible Engine is independent of work fluid !!!!
 The Original Problem To be solved by Carnot

• What is the maximum work possible from a kg of steam?

• Is this also independent of substance ?

wnet  ThighDyboiler  TlowDycondenser

Dyb  Dyc  Dy
wnet  ThighDyb  TlowDyc
wnet  Thigh  Tlow Dy
Dy is a change in property of a working fluid and depends on
substance!!!
How to achieve required temperature with a given substance?
 The Size of A Carnot Engine

• What decides the size (capital cost) of an engine?

Work done per unit change in volume of a substance.

Mean Effective Pressure.

wnet
MEP 
Dv
wnet
MEP 
vmax  vmin

A mathematical model for an engine is said to be feasible iff

both size and efficiency are reasonable !!!!
The Stirling engine and Stirling cycle
The Stirling Cycle
Ideal Regenerative Cycle

4
5
6

3 7

2 1