MEDIA AND

INFORMATION
SOURCES
MEDIA AND INFORMATION LITERACY

DANA KATE J. PULIDO

WHY?
◦ To develop the ability to determine and evaluate the
accuracy, reliability, timeliness, authority, bias, and
value of information by questioning the source of data
DEFINITION OF TERMS
◦ RELIABILITY OF INFORMATION
Information is said to be reliable if it can be verified and evaluated
Relies on the trustworthiness of the source
◦ ACCURACY OF INFORMATION
Closeness of the report to the actual data
Measurement of accuracy varies, depending on the type of information
being evaluated
◦ VALUE OF INFORMATION
Information is said to be valuable if it aids the user in making or improving
decisions
◦ AUTHORITY OF THE SOURCE
Sources with an established expertise on the subject matter are considered
as having sound authority on the subject
◦ TIMELINESS
Reliability, accuracy, and value of information may vary based on the time
it was produced or acquired.
Information may have been found accurate, reliable, and valuable during
the time it was produced, and may become irrelevant and inaccurate with
the passing of time.
ORIGINATORS OF INFORMATION
◦ GOVERNMENT
Provide information for the society they serve
Examples: population statistics, government notices, policy
documents
◦ ACADEMIC INSTITUTIONS
Numerous publications and knowledge materials
Examples: Books, Technical Reports, Modules and Journals
◦ PRIVATE SECTOR
Private institutions that provide information for public use
Examples: Film Industry, Businesses, News Agencies
◦ INDIVIDUALS
Personal knowledge
Pass information by word of mouth
Examples: Culture, Blogs, Websites, Social Media Accounts
TYPES OF INFORMATION SOURCE
◦ PRIMARY SOURCE
Original materials
Report of discovery and new information
Present information in original form
Examples:
Eyewitness
Diaries
Histories
Works of Art
TYPES OF INFORMATION SOURCE
◦ SECONDARY SOURCE
No first hand experience or participation
Describe, analyze, interpret, evaluate, comment
on, and discusses the information provided by the
primary source
Examples:
Reviews
Books
Articles
Analysis
TYPES OF INFORMATION SOURCE
◦ TERTIARY SOURCE
Collection of primary and secondary sources
Reference for further reading
Examples:
Manuals
Dictionaries
Directories
FORMATS OF INFORMATION SOURCES
◦ PRINT MATERIALS (PUBLISHED MATERIALS)
Printed books, Maps, Documents, Photographs,
Reports

◦ NON-PRINT MATERIALS (UNPUBLISHED MATERIALS)

Audio, Audio-Visual, Multimedia, Microform,
Ebooks, Records from the Internet
WHERE TO FIND INFORMATION
SOURCES
◦ HUMAN SOURCES
Readily available to provide information at the right time
If the right person is contacted, quality and up-to-date
information will be obtained
May be biased
Own point of view
◦ ARCHIVES
All types and formats are kept and made accessible for research
and other purposes
Unique, usually one of a kind items
Store, preserve, and make accessible records that have not been
produced in great quantities for the general public
WHERE TO FIND INFORMATION
SOURCES
◦ LIBRARIES
Mass produced items such as books, CDs, DVDs.
Collects large quantity of scholarly works or materials from
different time periods and on diverse topics to make research easier
for the members of the community they serve (staff & students).
Resources are organized by subjects thus making them easy
to find.
◦ INTERNET
Global system of networked computers
Worldwide access
Cannot be referenced and used for academic purposes
LIBRARIES
◦ ACADEMIC
Attached to a higher education institution which serves two
complimentary purposes, that is to support the school’s curriculum, and to
support the research of the University faculty and students.
◦ SCHOOL
A library within a school where students, staff, and often, parents of
a public or private school have access to a variety of resources.
◦ PUBLIC
A library that is accessible by the general public and is generally
funded by public sources such as taxes.
◦ SPECIAL
A library that provides a specialized information resources on a
particular subject, and serves a specialized and limited clientele.
INFORMATION ON THE INTERNET
◦ INTERNET
A global connection of interconnected
networks
An endless virtual library
INFORMATION ON THE INTERNET
◦ There are different materials or resources you can get
from the Internet

A. SCHOLARLY JOURNALS AND DATABASES

One of the most common source of reliable and
credible information
Provides you with extensive reports, case studies,
articles, and research studies to help bolster your
research process
Let you see a preview of the article and requires a
subscription fee to view the complete one
INFORMATION ON THE INTERNET
B. ONLINE ENCYCLOPEDIAS ANDDICTIONARIES
Several major encyclopedia publishers have online
versions of the materials
Some requires access fee to view full entries, and
some are free
C. VIDEOS
Provides you a rich, visual depth to your Internet
research, providing you with first hand accounts, video
tutorials and diaries, and journals
D. ONLINE BOOKS
Internet allows you to access full books from the
comfort of your Internet browser
They are searchable to find the exact content and
information you need
SKILLS IN DETERMINING THE
RELIABILITY OF INFORMATION
◦ Check the author
◦ Check the date of publication or of update
◦ Check for citations
◦ Check the domain or owner of the site or page
◦ Check the site design and the writing style
SKILLS IN DETERMINING ACCURATE
INFORMATION
◦ Look for facts
◦ Cross-reference with other sources to check
consistency
◦ Determine the reason for writing and publishing
information
◦ Check for advertising
QUESTIONS TO PONDER
◦ RELIABILITY
What are the details of this piece of information?
Which of these details can be verified in other sources?
Could these details be true? Why or Why not?
◦ ACCURACY
Which of these facts are measurable?
How were they derived?
Was the information written in an objective manner?
Is the information written with care?
◦ VALUE
Did it consider the audience of the information?
Who would find this information valuable?
QUESTIONS TO PONDER
◦ AUTHORITY
Who wrote the information?
How is the author related to the information?
What was his source?
Are the sources properly cited?
What is the reputation of the author?
Is the author known for some biases?
◦ TIMELINESS
When was the information written?
Is it possible that some of the information in the
article has changed in time? If yes, would the change
have any effect on the conclusion of the information?
ALTERNATIVE MEDIA
◦ Media that differ from established or dominant types of
media in terms of their content, production, or
distribution
◦ Provides detailed analysis of topics neglected by
mainstream media
◦ Advocate for change in society
Examples:
Tabloids
Indie Movies
Indie Music
Community Media
INDIGENOUS MEDIA
◦ Owned, controlled and managed by indigenous people in order for them
to develop and produce culturally appropriate information in the
languages understood by the community by utilizing indigenous materials
and resources, reflecting community needs and interests, visions and
aspirations
◦ Oral tradition of communication
◦ Store information in memories
◦ Information exchange is face-to-face
◦ Information is contained within the border of the community