Group 5

ME LAB 3
Is a branch of science
that deals with the
process of cooling of a
space or substance
below the environment
temperature.
Is an assembly of four major components,
namely the compressor condenser,
expansion valve, the evaporator through
which a very low boiling point substance
flow in the cycle and absorbs heat from
the immediate surroundings, thereby
producing the cooling effect.
Is a sequence of thermodynamic
processes whereby heat is
withdrawn from a cold body and
expelled to a hot body.
 There are five basic components of a refrigeration system, these are:

Evaporator

Compressor

Condenser

Expansion Valve

 - Refrigerant

 ; to conduct the heat from the product In order for the refrigeration cycle to operate
successfully each component must be present within the refrigeration system.
 The purpose of the compressor is to draw the low-
temperature, low-pressure vapour from the
evaporator via the suction line. Once drawn, the
vapour is compressed. When vapour is compressed
it rises in temperature. Therefore, the compressor
transforms the vapour from a low-temperature
vapour to a high-temperature vapour, in turn
increasing the pressure. The vapour is then
released from the compressor in to the discharge
line.
 The purpose of the condenser is to extract heat from the refrigerant to the outside
air. The condenser is usually installed on the reinforced roof of the building, which
enables the transfer of heat. Fans mounted above the condenser unit are used to
draw air through the condenser coils.
 The temperature of the high-pressure vapour determines the temperature at
which the condensation begins. As heat has to flow from the condenser to the air,
the condensation temperature must be higher than that of the air; usually between
- 12°C and -1°C. The high- pressure vapour within the condenser is then cooled to
the point where it becomes a liquid refrigerant once more, whilst retaining some
heat. The liquid refrigerant then flows from the condenser in to the liquid line.
 Within the refrigeration system, the expansion valve is
located at the end of the liquid line, before the evaporator.
The high-pressure liquid reaches the expansion valve,
having come from the condenser. The valve then reduces
the pressure of the refrigerant as it passes through the
orifice, which is located inside the valve. On reducing the
pressure, the temperature of the refrigerant also decreases
to a level below the surrounding air. This low-pressure, low-
temperature liquid is then pumped in to the evaporator
 The purpose of the evaporator is to remove unwanted heat from the product, via
the liquid refrigerant. The liquid refrigerant contained within the evaporator is
boiling at a low-pressure. The level of this pressure is determined by two factors:
The rate at which the heat is absorbed from the product to the liquid
refrigerant in the evaporator
The rate at which the low-pressure vapour is removed from the evaporator by the
compressor
To enable the transfer of heat, the temperature of the liquid refrigerant must be lower
than the temperature of the product being cooled. Once transferred, the liquid
refrigerant is drawn from the evaporator by the compressor via the suction line.
When leaving the evaporator coil the liquid refrigerant is in vapour form.
 A refrigerant is a substance or mixture, usually a fluid, used in a heat pump and
refrigeration cycle. In most cycles it undergoes phase transitions from a liquid to a
gas and back again. Many working fluids have been used for such purposes.
 Fluorocarbons, especially chlorofluorocarbons, became commonplace in the 20th
century, but they are being phased out because of their ozone depletion effects.
Other common refrigerants used in various applications are ammonia, sulfur
dioxide, and non-halogenated hydrocarbons such as propane.
 The desired thermodynamic properties are a boiling point somewhat below the
target temperature, a high heat of vaporization, a moderate density in liquid form, a
relatively high density in gaseous form, and a high critical temperature. Since
boiling point and gas density are affected by pressure, refrigerants may be made
more suitable for a particular application by choice of operating pressures.
 Tons of refrigeration (TR): One ton of refrigeration is the amount of cooling obtained
by one ton of
ice melting in one day: 3024 kCal/h, 12,000 Btu/h or 3.516 thermal kW.
 Net Refrigerating Capacity. A quantity defined as the mass flow rate of the evaporator
water multiplied by the difference in enthalpy of water entering and leaving the cooler,
expressed in kCal/h, tons of Refrigeration.
 kW/ton rating: Commonly referred to as efficiency, but actually power input to
compressor motor divided by tons of cooling produced, or kilowatts per ton (kW/ton).
Lower kW/ton indicates higher efficiency.
 Coefficient of Performance (COP): Chiller efficiency measured in Btu output (cooling)
divided by Btu input (electric power).
 Energy Efficiency Ratio (EER): Performance of smaller chillers and rooftop units is
frequently measured in EER rather than kW/ton. EER is calculated by dividing a chiller's
cooling capacity (in Btu/h) by its power input (in watts) at full-load conditions. The higher
the EER, the more efficient the unit.
 The test shall include a measurement of the net heat removed from the water as
it passes through the evaporator by determination of the following:
 a. Water flow rate b. Temperature difference between entering and leaving water

 The heat removed from the chilled water is equal to the product of the chilled water
flow rate, the water temperature difference, and the specific heat of the water is
defined as follows The net refrigeration capacity in tons shall be obtained by the
following equation:
PERFORMANCE CALCULATIONS
 The energy efficiency of a chiller is commonly expressed in one of the three
following ratios:
 GROUP 5
 SALES, MA. CHRISTINE JADE PENTINIO
 MALICSE, ANGELIKA MAE
 GONZALES, ANGELO (LEADER)
 AMOLAR, MELJOHN
 CABAEL, OLIVER WAYNE
 SILVA, MARK JOSEPH MENDOZA
 MAGBOO,