Power Point Judaism and Islam

Cultural Diversity
ELDER Project
Fairfield University School of Nursing
Jewish and Islam Religions
Supported by DHHS/HRSA/BHPR/Division of
Nursing Grant#D62HP06858
Judaism and Islam
Objectives: Upon completion of this session, the
participants will be able to ….
 Compare and contrast the belief systems of Judaism and
Islam.
 Discuss the role of religion, traditional health care beliefs,
social values, and family structure of Judaism and Islam
and the impact these factors have on health care.
 Identify specific culturally sensitive practices that can be
incorporated into your work with Jewish and Muslim
patients.
Judaism and Islam
Introduction:
 Judaism and Islam are known as Abrahamic faiths since
they trace their lineage from Abraham in the Torah (the
Five Books of Moses)
 Both accept the idea of one creator and the importance of
written scripture.
 Both religions are very rich and diverse with numerous
cultural inferences.
 Although they do share some similarities, many differences
exist in their practices and beliefs.
 The backgrounds of these different groups have influenced
the way they respond to illness and other life crises.
Judaism
History:
 Jews were dispersed after an insurrection against Roman
authority and lived all over the world until founding the
State of Israel in 1948.
 Much of Jewish history has been marveled by persecution
by other societies, from ancient Egypt and Babylon to the
expulsion of the Jewish people from Spain in the 15th
century and the Holocaust of World War II.
 They developed various subcultures with distinct histories,
languages, religious practices, customs and cuisine.
Judaism
History:
 Groups within the U.S. include:
 Orthodox (believe Jewish law is unchanging and
mandatory),
 Conservative (believe God’s laws change and evolve over
time),
 Reform and Reconstructionist (laws are guidelines that the
individual can choose to follow or not).
 Many Jews are also secular or atheist and for them, Judaism is
a culture rather than a religion.
Judaism
Judaism
Origin of Name: Derived from the Hebrew - Yehudim or
Judah.
Founder: Abraham
Estimated Followers:
 14 million
 12th largest religion in the world
 The majority of the Jews live in the United States and
Israel.
Original Language: Hebrew
Judaism
Holy Book:
 The Hebrew Bible - Tanakh, the Old Testament: inclusive
of the Torah (Five Books of Moses).
 The Talmud is an oral tradition explaining and interpreting
the Tanakh.
 It includes the Mishnah, a code of Jewish law
Clergy: Rabbis, Cantors
House of Worship: Synagogue (aka: Temple, Shul)
Main Day of Worship:
 Sundown Friday night to sundown Saturday night.
 All holidays begin the night prior in this manner
Judaism
Rituals:
 Circumcision of the newly born Jewish male,
 Bar/Bat mitzvah- ceremony marking the coming of age (13)
for Jewish boys (bar) and girls (bat) mitzvah,
 Shabbat observance,
 Prayer - held in high regard, the Jewish prayer book is
called the siddur.
Religious Law:
 Halakhah, which covers prayer and ritual, diet, rules
regulating personal status and observances of holidays.
Islam
History:
 Began in Mecca and was developed from the Judeo-
Christian tradition and cultural values of Nomadic Bedouin
tribes of Arabia.
 Islam spread to North Africa, Europe into Central Asia, as it
expanded the new Islamic societies and adopted many of
the customs they encountered.
 There are two main denominations:
 Sunni (90%) and Shi’ite (10%)
 Muslims in the U.S. come from many different cultures and
schools of thought.
Islam
Top 10 largest Muslim populations
# Country Muslims
1. Indonesia 188,619,000
2. Pakistan 144,788,000
3. India 131,213,000
4. Bangladesh 118,512,000
5. Turkey 67,864,000
6. Iran 67,610,000
7. Egypt 64,647,000
8. Nigeria 54,891,000
9. Algeria 31,729,000
10. Morocco 31,642,0
Islam
Origin of the Name: Derived from an Arabic word for
submission.
Founder: Mohammed
Followers:
 1.57 billion
 Second largest religion in the world
Original Language: Arabic
Islam
Holy Book:
 The Quran or Koran which was revealed to the prophet
Mohammed over a period of about 20 years.
 It is believed to be the final revelation given by Allah to
mankind.
 The Hadith is a collection of traditions/sayings of the
prophet Mohammed and functions as a supplement to the
Quran, giving guidance to Muslims for daily living.
Clergy: Imams
House of Worship: Mosque
Main Day of Worship: Friday
Islam
Religious Law: Sharia – the code of conduct
Rituals:
 Five important rituals (the pillars of Islam ) which include:
 Shahadah -profession of faith,
 Salat –
 Prayer 5 times a day on a prayer mat facing in the direction of Mecca.
 Prayer includes movements such as bowing, prostrating and sitting.
 It can be done in bed or sitting if the person is ill.
 Zakat –alms giving

 Sawm –fasting during the holy month of Ramadan
 Hajj –
 The annual pilgrimage to Mecca.
 Required once in a lifetime
Supported if physically and
by DHHS/HRSA/BHPR/Division of financially able.
Judaism and Islam
Important Dates and Holidays:
 Both religions follow the cycle of the moon (Lunar
calendar) to determine when a holiday will occur, thus each
year the holidays begin differently on the Gregorian
calendar.
 The Jewish calendar is adjusted each year to correspond with
the seasons by adding a leap year occurs every few years.
 The Islamic calendar does not adjust, thus holidays will
appear at no certain time during the Gregorian calendar.
Judaism
 Pesach (Passover) –
 Eight day celebration in commemoration of the escape
of the Jewish people from Egypt.
 Ritual dinner is conducted (Seder) that avoids bread and
grain products in memory of the urgent departure from
Egypt.
 The name originated from the 10th plague that God sent
upon the Egyptians killing the first born.
 Israelites marked their homes with blood of sacrificial lamb
and the angel of death “passed over” them, sparing their
children.
Judaism
 Rosh Hashanah (Jewish New Year) –
 Occurs in September/October.
 It is a celebration of the Jewish New Year and a time to reflect
on the past year.
 Yom Kippur (Day of Atonement) –
 Special day of fasting and repentance to reconcile with the
creator all mistakes over the last year.
 Second holiest day of the Jewish calendar.
 Occurs ten days after the first day of Rosh Hashanah.
 Purim-
 Commemorates events in the Book of Ester in the Hebrew
bible which describes how the Israelites avoided
extermination. Supported by DHHS/HRSA/BHPR/Division of
Judaism
 Hanukkah-
 Eight day festival of lights that is celebrated by lighting
candles each night.
 It celebrates the rededication of the Temple in Jerusalem after
the Maccabean Revolt; it is considered a minor holiday.
 Occurs sometime in November/December.
 Shabbat-
 Holiest day of the Jewish calendar: day of rest and spiritual
enrichment.
 Represents the 7th day of creation when God rested from his
work.
 Observed from sundown Friday to sundown Saturday.
Islam
 Ramadan-
 Holiest period in the Islamic year signifying when the Qur’an was
revealed to Muhammad.
 Followers do not eat or drink anything from dawn until dusk.
 They may consume a pre-dawn meal before fasting during the
day.
 Usually occurs in the 9th month of their calendar year.
 Eid al-Fitr-
 Festival of breaking the fast that is celebrated on the final day of
Ramadan where the fast is broken and people gather in the
community to celebrate with a community meal.
 The head of each household pays annual alms to a charity of their
choice.
 May see decorations and
Supported by gift giving being
DHHS/HRSA/BHPR/Division of done.
Islam
 Eid al-Adha-
 The festival of the sacrifice.
 It occurs during Hajj (pilgrimage) that celebrates the willingness of
Abraham to sacrifice his son Ishmael.
 Al-Hijra-
 First day of Islamic New Year celebration.
 Marks the end of the period of persecution in Mecca and the transition to
a recognized faith community in Medina.
 Milad al-Nabi-
 Celebration of the birthday of the Prophet Muhammad.
 Some sects do not celebrate this day.
 Ashura-
 Day of mourning the martyrdom of Imam Hussain, the grandson of
Muhammad. Supported by DHHS/HRSA/BHPR/Division of
Family
Judaism Islam
 Strong family ties.  Emphasis is on respect for
 Grandparents are older people.
respected and offer  Children have special
financial support to young responsibilities towards
families and become their parents.
dictators of family matters.  Communal obligation to
 Grandmother is in charge care for the elderly.
of household chores.
 Male parent has the
authority in family
matters. Supported by DHHS/HRSA/BHPR/Division of
Diet and Food
Judaism Islam
 Practice kosher laws or Kashrut, which  Follow a halal diet, they will not
describe how meat needs to be consume the following:
prepared (slaughtered) according to
Jewish law.  pork,
 Can only eat meat from animals that  alcohol,
part the hoof and are cloven-footed  animals that were dead prior to
and chew the cud, such as cattle, slaughtering,
sheep, and goats.  animals that have not been
 Other types of meat such as pork and slaughtered according to Islamic
rabbit are forbidden (traif)
rites,
 Sea creatures with fins and scales are
allowed, but shellfish and crustaceans  blood or blood products,
are not.  carnivorous animals,
 Most non-predatory fowl like chicken  birds of prey,
and turkey is allowed.  land animals without external
 Can only eat eggs from kosher fowl ears.
Diet and Food
Judaism: Islam:
 All fruits and vegetables are  Followers will not take any
kosher, but must be washed medications that contain alcohol
thoroughly. or pork by products unless they
 Cannot cook or eat dairy are life-saving drugs with no
products with meat. substitutes.
 This is based on a biblical law
that prohibits boiling a kid in its  Will wash hands before and after
mother’s milk. meals.
 Use separate dishes, utensils, and  Use of the right hand to eat and
pots for meat and dairy dishes. drink.
 Also wait a number of hours after
eating meat before consuming  If they need to be fed, use the
any dairy products. right hand if you have to touch
the food.
 Practice ritual hand washing
with associated blessings over  Either hand is appropriate to use
various foods. if using utensils.
Modesty/Dress
Judaism: Islam:
 Jewish modesty (tznuit) is  Muslims also practice modesty (hejab)
not just about how a man and when in public or when they are in the
a woman dresses, but how presence of non-family members of the
they behave. opposite sex.
 Modesty is described as one of the five
 Modesty implies a sense of
pillars of faith which includes restriction
humility and downplaying on dress, privacy and mentioning of
one’s attributes. anything related to bodily functions.
 In the more traditional  Modesty of dress includes:
groups, women will cover  Clothing must cover the entire body,
their torso up to the neck, including the neck and head.
along with their arms and  Clothing should not be form-fitting, sheer
legs when in public. or eye-catching.
 Men keep the area between their navel and
knees covered.
Modesty/Dress
Judaism: Islam:
 Keeping covered is a way of  Women only expose their face,
separating oneself from regularity or hands and feet.
mediocrity and increasing the  A veil may be worn as a symbol of
modesty.
individual to a higher level of respect.
 A locket containing religious
 It is also a way to protect their inner writings is sometimes worn around
sense of who they are. the neck in a small leather bag.
 Orthodox women cover their hair as  It is kept for protection and strength and
well – either with a scarf or a wig. should not be removed by healthcare
workers without permission.
 Orthodox men wear a hat or skull cap  Body exposure can prevent some
called a yarmulke/kippah from seeking health care.
 Orthodox men and women will sit  Eye contact is not made between
separately in public. members of the opposite sex.
 Touching is also not allowed between
 Orthodox women do not wear pants. opposite genders.
Judaism and Islam
Note:
 Both religions prefer the same gender healthcare
practitioners in order to follow rules of modesty.
Healthcare workers should ask permission to uncover
parts of the body out of respect.
 They should also knock on the door before entering in
order to provide the patient time to cover themselves.
Illness
Judaism: Islam:
 View illness as a part of a natural  Do not have any specific codes for
order that God sets in motion, but medical treatment of physical
does not control. illnesses in the Qur’an.
 They recognize that illness and
suffering can strike anyone.  The Islamic tradition recognizes
 They believe in actively seeking the difference between health and
healing through medical treatment. illness as balance or imbalance.
 Prayer is also an important means of  Historically there has been a close
healing. relationship between religion and
 They believe that visiting the sick is medicine and its practices.
an important element of healing.
 Muslims use home-made herbal
 Their custom of performing a good
deed (a mitzvah) is viewed as a and medicinal tonics, dietary
religious obligation in which the restrictions and amulets to ward
community is supposed to comfort off bad spirits.
and care for the sick.
Illness
Islam:
 Male circumcision, cupping,
bloodletting, cauterization and
ligation can be used.
 The contemporary Muslim approach
to healthcare is based strongly on
preventative measures such as
personal hygiene, dietary restrictions
and avoidance of addictive habits like
smoking or overeating.
 Some Muslims may perceive a sudden
death or illness as a sign of
punishment or test from God.
 They tend to find strength in prayer
and meditation.
 Spiritual healing is sought by reciting
from the Qur’an. Supported by DHHS/HRSA/BHPR/Division of
Judaism and Islam
Conclusion:
 Religion, like culture, consists of patterns of beliefs,
values and behaviors acquired by members of a
society.
 There are different interpretations of principles and
meanings within all religions.
 Diversity in America includes the rich heritages and
cultures that are seen in our population, that make up
our country and coexist to create a nation.
Reference
 Christianity in View. Retrieved March 6, 2011 from http://christianityinview.com/xncomparison.html.
 Healthcare Providers’ Handbook on Muslim Patients. Retrieved January 9, 2011 from

http://www.health.qld.gov.au/multicultural/support_tools/islamgde2ed-s2.pdf
 International Strategy and Policy Institute. (1999). Guidelines for Health Care Providers Interacting with Muslim
Patients and Their Families. Retrieved February 26, 2011 from http://www.ispi-usa.org/guidelines.htm.
 Taheri, N. (2008). Health Care in Islamic History and Experience. Retrieved January 9, 2011 from
http://ethnomed.org/cross-cultural-health/religion/health-care-in-islamic-history-and-experience.
 The Muslim World. Retrieved April 15th, 2010 from http://btw.imb.org/news_map.asp
 Religion Statistics: Jews by Country. Retrieved April 15th, 2010 from http://www.nationmaster.com/graph/rel_jew-
religion-jews
 World Muslim Population Density. Retrieved April 15th, 2010 from

http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/globalconnections/mideast/maps/muslim.html
Power Point Presentation
Created by:
Joyce Cunneen, MSN, RN
ELDER Project Education Coordinator
Monica Starr, BSN, RN

ELDER Project Program Coordinator

Power Point Judaism and Islam

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Cultural Diversity

Jewish and Islam Religions

 Zakat –alms giving

 Healthcare Providers’ Handbook on Muslim Patients. Retrieved January 9, 2011 from

 The Muslim World. Retrieved April 15th, 2010 from http://btw.imb.org/news_map.asp

 World Muslim Population Density. Retrieved April 15th, 2010 from

Monica Starr, BSN, RN

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