Documenti di Didattica
Documenti di Professioni
Documenti di Cultura
History Notes
Prepared and summarized by:
Chona Pajarillo-Agustin, DPA
Asst. Professor 2
CHAPTER I
THE LAND AND
THE PEOPLE
GEOGRAPHICAL LOCATION
The Philippines is located in the southern
part of Asia north of the equator.
NORTH: Taiwan
WEST: Vietnam, Laos, Cambodia and
Thailand
SOUTH: Indonesia
SOUTHWEST: Malaysia, Singapore
ASEAN:Philippines, Brunei, Myanmar
-the only existing regional organization in
Asia.
perseverance
CHAPTER 2
THE FILIPINOS
DURING THE PRE-
SPANISH TIMES
THE EARLY FILIPINOS
PALAWAN MAN:
-a man lived about 22,000 years ago.
-his skull cap and remnants of tools and
weapons were unearthed in the Tabon Cave
in Palawan.
PYGMY:
-came about 25,000 years ago.
-the ancestors of the Negritoes who are
considered the aborigines of the Philippines.
NEGRITO/AETA:
-came about 12,000-15,000 years ago.
INDONESIANS:
-the first sea immigrants of the Philippines
who came about 5,000-6,000 years ago.
MALAYS:
-came about 800 and 300 & 200 B.C.
WAVES:
a. HEAD-HUNTING:
-ancestors of the Bontoks, Kalingas
b. ALPHABET USING:
-ancestors of the Ilokanos, Tagalogs and Bisayans
c. MUSLIM:
-ancestors of the Muslim of Mindanao
BARANGAY
-consisted of 30-100 families/ households
which was headed by a datu
-it came from a Malay word balangay
which means a sailboat
-the datu’s position was originally hereditary
but later based on ability and talent
COUNCIL OF ELDERS:
-the adviser of the datu
UMALOHOKAN:
-the town crier/town announcer
TRIAL BY ORDEAL
TWO OLDEST LAWS
MARAGTAS CODE:
-believed to be written by Datu Sumakwel
KALANTIAW CODE:
-written by Rajah Kalantiaw
PRE-SPANISH SOCIETY
FOUR CLASSES
1. CHIEFTAIN
2. FREEMEN
3. COMMONERS
4. SLAVES
TWO KINDS:
1. NAMAMAHAY:
2. SAGUIGUILID:
CAUSES OF SLAVERY
1. By birth
2. By purchase
3. Captivity in war
4. Penalty for crimes committed
5. Penalty for non payment of debts
WAYS OF EMANCIPATING A
SLAVE
1. Marriage
2. Purchase
3. Voluntary action of the master
CLOTHING AND ORNAMENTS
MEN:
Wore a collarless and short sleeved jacket
called kangan and bahag.
-they wore a putong, necklace, armlets,
earrings, rings and anklets.
WOMEN:
Wore a sleeved jacket called baro and skirt
called saya and tapis.
-they wore bracelets, necklace, earrings, rings
with precious gems.
ISLAMIZATION OF
SOUTHERN PHILIPPINES
MUKDUM:
-an Arab teacher who arrived in Sulu in 1380
to preach Islam.
-he built the first mosque in Sulu.
SHERIFF MUHAMMAD KABUNGSUWAN:
-he spread Islam in Mindoro in the 15th
century and founded the Sultanate of
Maguindanao.
CHAPTER 3
THE COMING
OF SPAIN
WHY SPAIN CAME TO THE
PHILIPPINES
The great need for spices and other
similar flavorings which were needed not
only to make food more delicious but also
to help prevent meat from spoiling.
They desired also oriented goods such as
precious stones, gems, jewels, silk and
other fine textiles and medicinal herbs.
All of these products reached European
consumers in very high prices because it
passes through many hands and difficult
journey.
MUSLIM TURKS:
-came into power in the 15th century and
captured Constantinople- a Christian city
and capital of Byzantine Empire. It is an
important stopping point of the traditional
routes. All the routes pass through
Constantinople going to the
Mediterranean coast and to Europe.
After capturing Constantinople, the
Muslim Turks closed two of the three trade
routes.
the only trade route open was given
privilege to Venice.
Venice acquired a monopoly of the trade
in Asian goods.
Venetian traders jacked up their prices.
SEARCH FOR A SEA ROUTE
TO THE ORIENT
To break the Venetian monopoly of the
Asian goods, Portugal and Spain decided
to look for a sea route to the Orient.
FAMOUS MARINERS:
BARTOLOMEU DIAS:
-the first to sail through the Cape of Good
Hope at the southern tip of Africa in 1487
VASCO DE GAMA:
-sailed beyond the Cape and reached
Calicut, India on may 20, 1498.
CHRISTOPHER COLUMBUS:
-an Italian mariner in the service of Spain
came upon Walting Island in Oct. 12, 1492
-he reached Caribbean, Cuba, Puerto Rico
and Hispaniola
AMERIGO VESPUCCI:
-America was named after him.
VASCO NUNEZ DE BALBOA:
-discovered the Pacific Ocean in 1513
while exploring Panama and claimed for
Spain.
DIVISION OF THE WORLD
-to prevent the conflict of the two leading
European kingdoms, Pope Alexander VI
decided to divide the world to these two
bitter rivals.
-on May 4, 1493, Pope Alexander VI issued the
Papal Bull Inter Caetera. This document drew
an imaginary line about 483 kilometers west of
the Azores islands. All lands east of the line
would belong to Portugal and all lands west
of it would go to Spain.
-later, the Pope issued another papal order
granting Spain the right to claim lands
that she would discover east of the
demarcation line which Portugal
protested.
TREATY OF TORDESILLAS
-to end the territorial dispute, Spain and
Portugal decided to sign a treaty on July
1494.
-the treaty provides the two nations to
move the demarcation line about 1303
kilometers further west of the Azores and
Cape Verde islands.
MAGELLAN VOYAGE
5 SHIPS
-Victoria
-Concepcion
-San Antonio
-Santiago
-Trinidad- the flagship
*there were 280 men assigned to him but
only 36 were able to return to Spain.
-Magellan left San Lucar de Barrameda on
the southern coast of Spain on Sept. 20,
1519.
-the expedition lasted for 18 months before
the Philippines was reached due to the
reasons that he sailed on seas that no
European had sailed on before, and they
had no navigational aids.
PROBLEMS
Mutiny and desertion
-April 1, 1520-mutiny; San Antonio
deserted Magellan and went back to
Spain
Lack of food
Lack of water
Bad weather
Diseases
death
MARCH 6, 1521:
-Magellan reached Marianas islands
(GUAM).
-he named the island “islands of Sails”
because of the many sailboats.
-he later renamed it to “Ladrones” or island
of thieves for one of his boats was stolen
by the natives.
-left the island on March 9, 1521.
DISCOVERY OF THE
PHILIPPINES
MARCH 16, 1521:
-Magellan landed in Samar.
MARCH 17, 1521:
- Magellan landed in Homonhon.
MARCH 28, 1521:
Magellan reached Masao where he entered
into a blood compact with Rajah Kulambu as
a gesture of friendship. This was the first
recorded blood compact in the history of the
Phils.
MARCH 31, 1521:
-the first mass in the Phils. Was celebrated
on the shores of Masao by Rev. Pedro de
Valderama.
-after the mass, Magellan planted a cross
overlooking the sea claiming the land in
the name of King Charles of Spain.
-he named the country “Archipelago of
Saint Lazarus”
APRIL 7, 1521:
-Magellan sailed to Cebu with Kulambu.
-Cebu was ruled by Rajah Humabon where
another blood compact was entered
into.
.
APRIL 14, 1521:
-Fr. Valderama conducted the first mass
baptism where 800 Cebuanos were
converted to Christianity.
-Magellan erected a wooden cross on the
shore now known as Magellan cross found in
Cebu.
-Magellan gave Juana a small image of the
Holy Child Jesus (Sto. Nino) who is now Cebu’s
patron saint
APRIL 27, 1521:
-Magellan sailed to Mactan to intervene in
the power struggle between the two rival
chieftains of the island- Sula and
Lapulapu.
-Magellan died together with his some men.
-Lapulapu’s victory marked the first
successful defense for freedom.
THE RETURN TO SPAIN
-Victoria and Trinidad were the two
remaining ships of Magellan. The
Concepcion was destroyed and
abandoned in Bohol.
VICTORIA:
-commanded by Juan Sebastian de Elcano
loaded with spices was able to return to
Spain on Sept 16, 1522 with only 18
surviving crew members.
THE TREATY OF ZARAGOZA
APRIL 22, 1529:
-Spain and Portugal signed another treaty
which ended their dispute over
Moluccas. Under the treaty, Spain sold to
Portugal all her claims over Moluccas. A
new demarcation line of 1430 kilometers
east of Moluccas was drawn.
CHAPTER 4:
CONQUEST AND
COLONIZATION
LEGAZPI EXPEDITION
When Prince Philip became the king of
Spain, he decided to colonize the
Philippines.
THREE REASONS:
1. To obtain riches of the Phils.
2. To enhance the imperial glory by adding
more lands to Spain.
3. To spread Christianity to the natives.
MIGUEL LOPEZ DE LEGAZPI:
-commander of the expedition
FR. ANDRES DE URDANETA:
-appointed chief navigator and spiritual
leader.
*The expedition consisted of 4 ships and 350
men sailed from Navidad, Mexico on
November 21, 1564.
-Legazpi was given an instruction by the
king to fulfill the goals of Spain and to be
friend the natives.
SPANISH SETTLEMENT IN
CEBU
Legazpi arrived in Cebu in February 1565. but
because of the hostilities of the natives, he
decided to go to the nearby island such as
Samar, Leyte, Limasawa, Camiguin,
Mindanao and Bohol.
in Bohol, Legazpi concluded a blood
compact with Sikatuna and Sigala.
From Bohol, Legazpi decided to go back to
Cebu and arriving there on April 27, 1565.
Due to the resistance of the natives,
Legazpi attacked the Cebuanos who fled
to the hills. But mindful of the king’s
instruction, he befriend the natives and
did not punish them.
Legazpi and Rajah Tupas signed a peace
agreement under which the Cebuanos
agreed to pay tribute to the king of Spain
as a symbol that they recognize him as
their sovereign.
Tupas donated a land on which Legazpi
established a permanent settlement
which he named “the city of the most
holy name of Jesus”. Thus, the oldest city
of the Philippines.
Due to the Portuguese harassment and
lacked of food, Legazpi decided to move
to Panay in 1569.
DISCOVERY OF THE RETURN
ROUTE
After establishing a settlement in Cebu,
Legazpi dispatched Fr. Urdaneta to look
for a way back to Mexico.
Urdaneta was accompanied by Felipe
de Salcedo, Legazpi’s grandson, left
Cebu boarded the San Pedro on June 1,
1565 and reached Navidad, Mexico on
October 01, 1565.
CAPTURE OF MANILA
Legazpi learned of the existence of a rich
Muslim kingdom in Luzon named Maynila.
On May 1570, Legazpi sent an expedition
of 120 Spanish soldiers under the
command of Capt. Martin de Goiti to
Maynila with Juan de Salcedo, youngest
grandson of Legazpi as second in
command.
Maynila then was ruled by Rajah
Matanda and Soliman.
Due to the resistance of Rajah Soliman, an
armed clash between him and Martin de
Goiti happened. Goiti defeated Soliman
and reported to Legazpi in Cebu and
recommended a conquest of Manila.
inMay 1571, a second Spanish expedition
arrived in Maynila commanded by
Legazpi. Convinced by the sincerity of
Legazpi, Soliman and Matanda and
Lakandula of Tondo agreed to
acknowledge the sovereignty of Spain
and to pay tribute.
Legazpi moved his headquarters to
Maynila on June 24, 1571 and made it the
capital of the Phils.
SPREAD OF SPANISH
RULE
MARTIN DE GOITI:
-spread Spanish colonization in Central
Luzon
JUAN DE SALCEDO:
-responsible in the spread of colonization in
Southern Luzon, Quezon, Camarines,
Northern Luzon, Zambales, Pangasinan,
Ilocos region, Polilio island, Sierra Madre
and Bicol region (July 1573)
JUAN DE SALCEDO
Due to his outstanding role in the
colonization of the Phils., Gov. Gen. Guido
de Lavezares, successor of Legazpi gave
Salcedo a part of Ilocos region as a
reward as his encomienda.
He named the place Villa Fernandina in
honor of Prince Ferdinand. This place is
now Vigan, Ilocos Sur.
Salcedo died on March 11, 1576 at the
age of 27, and the natives hailed him as
the Hernando Cortez of the Philippines
because of his being kind, generous and
treated the natives with respect.
On August 20, 1572, Legazpi died in
Manila as a poor man, he was buried at
the St. Augustine convent in Manila.
Legazpi laid the foundations of Spain’s
colonial rule in the Phils.
SUCCESSFUL RESISTANCE
MT.PROVINCE
MUSLIM MINDANAO
FILIPINO REVOLTS AGAINST
SPANISH RULE
Lakandula revolt in Tondo (1574)
Tondo conspiracy (1587)
Magalot revolt of Cagayan (1596)
Bankaw revolt of Leyte (1622)
Sumuroy uprising of Samar (1649)
Maniago revolt of Pampanga (1660)
Malong revolt of Pangasinan (1660)
Dagohoy revolt in Bohol (longest revolt)
Ilocos revolt of Diego and Gabriela (1762)
Polaris revolt of Pangasinan (1762)
Tayabas (1840)
Cavite mutiny (1872)
FOREIGN CHALLENGES TO
SPANISH RULE
Portuguese
Dutch (religion)
British
Chinese
Japanese
CHAPTER 5
CONSEQUENCES OF THE
SPANISH PRESENCE IN
THE PHILIPPINES
THE PHILS ACQUIRES A
GEOGRAPHICAL
IDENTITY
The islands that came under Spanish rule
became one geographical unit known as Las
Islas Filipinas ruled by a colonial government.
The Spaniards called the Filipinos as indios
though they have a geographical unity and
identity, a common government and a
common religion.
The Filipinos practiced the regionalistic attitude
which was exploited by the Spaniards.
NATIVES BECOME VASSALS
OF SPAIN
The natives were required to pay the
tribute/ tributo which was 8 reales per
family. This was increased to 10 reales in
1602 and 12 in 1851.
The Filipinos hated the tribute because of
the abuses of the Spaniards and served
as a symbol of slavery and degradation of
the natives.
Because of the abuses in the collection of
the tribute, it was abolished in 1884 and
was replaced by the cedula tax.
POLO:
-male Filipinos from ages 16-60 were
required to work for the government for
40 days in a year.
The worker is called polistas and to be
exempted from the polo, a paying fee
called falla be paid.
BANDALA:
The compulsory sale by the natives of their
form products to the government.
CENTRAL GOVERNMENT
-The colonial government was established
in Manila headed by a governor-general.
-The government was a highly centralized .
-There was a union of the church and the
state in which priests served as agents of
the colonial government, supervised the
election of the guberbadorcillo, inspector
of the local primary school, town’s tax
collection inspector.
GOVERNOR-GENERAL
-exercised the king’s royal patronage which
included the right to appoint religious
officials and to create or abolish parishes.
-the highest colonial official who was
appointed by the king.
-he appointed all the subordinate officials
of the colony.
-he exercised legislative powers.
-he could issue laws and regulations that
had the force of law.
-he is also the president of the Royal
Audiencia.
-he is also the commander-in-chief of the
colonial armed forces.
HOW SPAIN GOVERNED THE PHILS.
-The king ruled the Phils and aided by the
Council of Indies created in 1524.
CHECKS TO THE
GUBERNATORIAL POWERS
ROYAL AUDIENCIA:
-its duty is to check the abuses of the colonial
officials and do justice to the natives.
RESIDENCIA:
-an investigation of the actuations of an
outgoing governor-general conducted by his
successor. The out-going governor-general
had to defend himself from the charges of his
enemies.
VISITA:
-a secret inquiry into the actuations of top
colonial officials ordered by the king.
JOSE BASCO:
-laid the agricultural foundations and progress.
-adopted an economic development program.
-established in 1781 the Economic Society of Friends
of the Country.
-government monopoly of tobacco.
CARLOS MARIA DE LA TORRE:
-the most liberal minded governor-general.
-he abolished press censorship.
-he mixed to the natives and sympathized
for freedom.
ENCOMIENDA SYSTEM
-designed to reward those who had served
the king well.
-the encomendero received from the king
a temporary grant of land with the right to
receive the income from the land and to
govern the living people on it.
THREE CLASSES OF
ENCOMIENDA
1.) ROYAL:
-those set aside for the king
2.) ECCLESIASTICAL:
-assigned to the different religious orders
3.) PRIVATE:
-those given to the Spaniards who helped
the king in the colonization
FR. DOMINGO DE SALAZAR:
-the first bishop defenders of the natives.
LOCAL GOVERNMENTS
*PROVINCES
-PACIFIED (ALCALDIAS)
those whose inhabitants had accepted
Spanish rule and headed by an alcalde
mayor.
-UNPACIFIED (CORREGIMIENTOS)
those areas where some resistance to
Spanish rule under a military officer known
as corregidores.
CITIES:
MANILA: second city (1574)
CEBU: oldest city (1569)
-called ayuntamiento consisted of a city
council (cabildo)
TOWNS:
-known as pueblos headed by a
guberbadorcillo elected by a group of
electors of 12 barangay chiefs and the
out-going guberbadorcillo.
BARRIOS:
-known as barrios headed by a cabeza de
barangay
CHRISTIANIZATION OF THE
FILIPINOS
-one significant consequence of the
Spanish colonization which is the Spain’s
enduring legacy to the Filipinos.
JUAN DE VERA:
-the first known printer of the Phils who was
Chinese mestizo.
TOMAS PINPIN:
-a native Filipino who was trained to print in
Abu cay, Bataan
-he is the Prince of Filipino printers.
INTRODUCTION OF
WESTERN/EUROPEAN ARTS
DAMIAN DOMINGO:
-he established the first school of painting in
the Phils.
-he is the father of Filipino painting.
RISE OF SOCIAL CLASSES
MASSES:
PRINCIPALES:
-consist of the native Filipino aristocrats
-they comprised the principalia
TWO CLASSES OF SPANIARDS
PENINSULARES:
-a Spaniard born in Spain
CREOLES:
-a Spaniard born in the Phils also known as
insulares/mestizos
MIDDLE CLASS:
-Filipinos who reaped the benefits of
economic progress
ILUSTRADOS:
-the rich and educated Filipinos who led the
struggle for Filipino nationhood.
CHAPTER 6:
THE RISE OF
FILIPINO
NATIONALISM
ABSENCE OF NATIONAL
CONSCIOUSNESS
NATIONALISM:
-love of one’s country
-a feeling of belonging to a country
REASONS :
*geography of the country
*Spain’s policy of keeping the natives divided
*absence of a leader
SPAIN’S CONTRIBUTION TO
FILIPINO NATIONHOOD
-common ancestry
-cultural heritage
-love for freedom
-common religion
-common geographical identity
-common central government
-providing a set of Filipino grievances
THE RISE OF THE FILIPINO MIDDLE
CLASS:
-composed of merchants, traders,
professionals, planters, and landowners
which include the creoles and mestizo
SECULARIZATION MOVEMENT:
-a campaign wage by the secular priests to
win control of the parishes from the
regular priests or missionaries
-the secular priests were not members of
any religious orders.
CAVITE MUTINY:
-staged by a group of Filipino soldiers and
workers at the Cavite arsenal headed by
Sgt. La Madrid
-it was caused by the abolition of Gov.
Gen. Isquierdo of certain privileges
enjoyed by the workers on polo and
tribute.
PROPAGANDA MOVEMENT:
-a peaceful campaign for reforms waged in the
Phils by the educated Filipinos in Spain.
-the leaders of the campaign were called
propagandists because they waged their
cause through the use of pen and tongue to
expose the defects of Spanish rule in the Phils
and asked for the immediate solution to
remedy them.
REFORMS DESIRED:
-equality between the Filipinos and Spaniards
-abolition of the tribute
-equal rights of Filipinos and Spaniards in
government positions
-Philippine representation in the Spanish Cortes
-secularization of the Phil. Parishes
-restoration of human and political rights for the
Filipinos
LA SOLIDARIDAD:
-a fortnightly newspaper of the
Propaganda movement which became
the organ of it
-founded by Graciano Lopez Jaena who
became its first editor.
FAILURE OF THE PROPAGANDA:
-lack of unity
-rival groups were organized
-jealousy and intrigues
-shortage of funds
LA LIGA FILIPINA:
-organized by Jose Rizal in July 1892 in
Manila
-a civic association of Filipinos
CHAPTER 7
THE PHILIPPINE
REVOLUTION OF
1896
THE KATIPUNAN
-established by Andres Bonifacio on July 7,
1892 which aimed to win Philippine
independence from Spain by means of
an armed revolution.
-it was patterned after the La Liga Filipina
-its first supremo was Deodato Arellano
ANDRES BONIFACIO:
-the father of the katipunan
-called the great plebeian
EMILIO JACINTO
-brains of the katipunan
-writer of the kartilla of katipunan
-editor of the kalayaan newspaper of the KKK
KATIPUNAN MEMBERSHIP:
-TRIANGLE SYSTEM:
-the original means of recruiting members
to the KKK
-INITIATION:
-used to replaced the triangle system due
to its complex status
MEMBERSHIP CLASSES
*KATIPUN:
-the first degree member of the KKK with a
password of Anak ng Bayan
*KAWAL:
-second degree with a password of
Gomburza
*BAYANI:
-third degree with a password of Rizal
PREPARATIONS FOR WAR:
-On April 10, 1895, Bonifacio and his men
went to the hills of Montalban and
reaffirmed their plan of war against Spain.
-this was called the Cry of Montalban
MALOLOS CONGRESS:
-in the decree of June 18, 1898, Mabini
included a provision calling for the
election of delegates to a revolutionary
congress.
-this body was not a law-making body but
merely an advisory body.
-the Congress held its session on September
15, 1898 at Barasoain Church.
-the first act of the Congress was the
ratification of the Phil independence.
FRAMING OF A
CONSTITUTION
-The Congress decided to draft a
constitution for the nation despite the
objection of Mabini.
-The Congress rejected the proposed
constitution of Mabini and Paterno and
debated on the Calderon plan which
provided for a union of the church and
the state.
-on November 29,1898, the Congress
approved the constitution and Aguinaldo
signed it on January 21, 1899. This was the
first constitution prepared and produced
by the Filipinos as a free people.
FIRST REPUBLIC
-formally inaugurated on January 23, 1899
in Malolos, Bulacan which is the Malolos
Republic.
-on the same day, Aguinaldo was
inaugurated as president.
-the legislative power is vested in an
assembly of representatives.
INTERNATIONAL STATUS OF
THE REPUBLIC
-Despite the proclamation of its
independence, the country did not
become a member of the family of
nations and no country ever recognized it
even America.
CHAPTER 9
THE COMING OF
THE UNITED
STATES
REVOLUTION IN CUBA
MAXIMO GOMEZ:
-the leader of the Cubans in revolt against
Spain
VALERIANO WEYLER:
-commander of all Spanish forces in Cuba
AMERICA BECOMES
INVOLVED IN THE CUBAN
REVOLUTION
REASONS:
-Cuba was just right at America’s doorsteps
-Americans have investments in Cuba
CAPTURE OF AGUINALDO:
MARCH 31, 1899:
-Aguinaldo fled to San Isidro, Nueva Ecija, to
Tarlac to Pangasinan, La union, Abra,
Benguet, Mt Province and Palanan, Isabela
on Sept. 6, 1900.
March 23, 1901:
-Aguinaldo was finally captured by the
Americans led by Brig. Gen. Frederick Funston
through a trick planned reinforcement.
-Aguinaldo was brought to Manila and kept a
prisoner at Malacanang where he was
treated by Gen. Mac Arthur more as a guest
than as a prisoner.
-Aguinaldo swore allegiance to the Americans
on April 01, 1901.
-on April 19, 1901, Aguinaldo issued a
proclamation calling all Filipinos to lay
down their arms and accept American
rule.
-the capture of Aguinaldo signalled the
death of the First Phil. Republic
END OF ORGANIZED RESISTANCE:
-many Filipinos surrendered to the
Americans in response to Aguinaldo.
MIGUEL MALVAR:
-surrendered on April 16, 1902 in
Batangas.
SIMEON OLA:
-surrendered on Sept. 25, 1903 in
Albay.
CHAPTER II
ESTABLISHMENT
OF AMERICAN
RULE
-President McKinley addressed the 67th US
Congress stating his aims over the Phils.
“The Phils are ours not to exploit but to
develop, civilize, educate and to train in
the science of self-government.”
-He instructed the commissions that the US
came to the Phils not to conquer but to
work for their benefit and welfare.
ESTABLISHMENT OF A
MILITARY GOVERNMENT
-the first government established by the
Americans following the surrender of
Manila on August 1898.
*M/Gen. Wesley Merritt: first military governor
*M/Gen. Elwell Otis: second
*M/Gen. Arthur MacArthur: third
ACHIEVEMENTS OF THE
MILITARY GOVERNMENT
-reorganized the courts in the country. It
established a Supreme Court composed
of 6 Fils and 3 Americans on which CAYETANO
ARELLANO named the first Chief Justice.
-it organized towns and provincial
governments. Elections were held to
choose the local officials. The first town to
hold elections on May 6, 1899 was BALIUAG,
BULACAN.
-it introduced public school system.
MANILA HIGH SCHOOL: the first public school in
the Phils opened on June 11, 1906.
ENGLISH was taught by the American
soldiers acting as the first English teachers
led by Rev. William McKinnon, a US Army
Chaplain.
FIRST PHILIPPINE
COMMISSION
-known as the Schurman Commission
headed by Dr. Jacob G. Schurman.
-given the task of looking into the condition
in the Phils and to recommend the kind of
government that should be established.
-arrived in Manila on March 4, 1899.
-submitted its reports to Pres. McKinley on
January 31, 1900.
RECOMMENDATIONS
1. US should remain in the Phils in as much as
the Filipinos were not yet ready for
independence.
2. Military rule be replaced by civil government
3. A territorial government should be
established with a bicameral lawmaking
body. The lower house be elective while the
upper house would be half elective and half
appointive
4. Organization of towns and provincial
governments
5. Protection of civil rights of the Filipinos
SECOND PHILIPPINE
COMMISSION
-to help carry out the recommendations of
the Schurman Commission
-created on March 16, 1900
-known as the Taft Commission headed by
Judge William Howard Taft
-came to establish a civil government and
to train the Filipinos for self-government
-the commission was guided by an
instruction issued by Pres. McKinley on
April 7, 1900 which states that, “the
government established in the Phils
is designed not for their selfish
satisfaction but for the happiness,
peace and prosperity of the people of
the Phils”
-arrived in Manila on June 3, 1900
ACHIEVEMENTS
-it set aside $1m for building and repairing
of roads and bridges
-organization of bureaus
-established a civil service system
-created the Phil Constabulary
-organized the public school sysytem
ESTABLISHMENT OF THE
CIVIL GOVERNMENT
-it came by virtue of the Army Appropriation
Act enacted by the US Congress on March 2,
1901
-this law carried an amendment authored by US
Senator John Spooner
-the Spooner amendment removed from the US
President the final authority to govern the
Phils.
-inaugurated on July 4, 1901 with Taft as the first
civil governor
-Taft made his best to promote the welfare of
the Filipinos. He issued a policy “the Phils is for
the Filipinos ” which made him popular to the
Filipinos but it angered the Americans who
wanted to exploit the country.
-he laid down the foundations of a stable and
democratic government
-his greatest achievement was the purchase of
410,000 acres of lands which he resold to
landless Filipino tenants
PHILIPPINE BILL OF 1902
-came by virtue of the Cooper Act passed
on July 1, 1902 which was sponsored by
US rep. Henry A. Cooper
-the first organic law for the country passed
by the US Congress
PROVISIONS
1. A bill of rights for the Filipinos
2. The appointment of two resident
commissioners to the US Congress
without voting rights
3. The establishment of a Phil Assembly to
be elected by the Filipinos which would
be the lower house of the legislature
while the Phil Commission would be the
upper house
4. Executive power would be exercise by
the civil governor
5. Conservation of the country’s natural
resources for the Filipinos
THE PHILIPPINE ASSEMBLY
-elections of the members was held on July
30, 1907
-formally inaugurated on October 16, 1907
at the Manila Grand Opera House
-Sergio Osmena was elected speaker and
Manuel L. Quezon as the Majority Floor
Leader
GABALDON ACT:
-the first act enacted by the Assembly
which appropriated P1M for the
establishment of barrio schools
RESIDENT COMMISSIONERS
PABLO OCAMPO AND BENITO LEGARDA:
-the first resident commissioners
MANUEL L. QUEZON:
-one of the best resident commissioners
who acquired fame in America for his
eloquence and brilliance
EMERGENCE OF POLITICAL
PARTIES
-during the first few years of American rule,
it was the policy of America to suppress
Filipino nationalism
-laws were passed by the Phil. Commission
making it a crime for Filipinos to advocate
independence
FLAG LAW:
- A law banning the display of the Filipino
flag
SEDITION LAW:
-a law prohibiting the Filipinos to write or
speak in defense of independence
FEDERAL PARTY
-the first pro-American party founded by
Filipinos headed by Trinidad Pardo de
Tavera (Dec 1900). Later named to
Progressive Party due to its wide non-
acceptance of Filipinos for its pro-
American policies.
NACIONALISTA PARTY
-formed out of a union in March 1907 of two
nationalist parties, the Immediate
Independence Party and the Nationalist
Union. Osmena and Quezon were the
leading members. Felipe Agoncillo and
Rafael Palma were among the prominent
leaders.
FILIPINIZATION OF THE
GOVERNMENT
-America made it its policy to appoint
qualified Filipinos to government positions
CAYETANO ARELLANO: named chief justice of SC
FLORENTINO TORRES: first attorney-general
GREGORIO ARANETA: named secretary of
Finance and Justice, the first Filipino to
head an executive department
-by 1903, there were more Americans
(2,777) than Filipinos (2,697)
-by 1904, Filipinos were 3,377 and 3,228
Americans
-by 1921, there were 614 Americans and
13,240 Filipinos
-in the local governments, all were
occupied by Filipinos
FRANCIS B. HARRISON:
-appointed as US governor-general to the
Phils by Pres. Woodrow Wilson when he
won as President in America in 1912.
-the longest-tenured governor-general of
the Phils.
JONES LAW
-signed by US Pres. Wilson on August 29,
1916
-known as the Phil Autonomy Act which was
sponsored by US Rep. William Atkinson
Jones
SIGNIFICANCE
1. It contained America’s promise to give
independence to the Phils. “as soon as a
stable government can be established ”
2. The law gave the Filipinos greater
participation in the government
-virtually a constitution for the Phils
-it defined the structure of government, the
powers and duties of officials and
provided a bill of rights for the Filipinos
-the executive power was vested in a governor-
general, an American who was appointed by the
US Pres with then consent of the US Congress who
is assisted by a Cabinet whom he appointed with
the consent of the Phil. Senate
-the legislative power was vested in the Filipinos
-the judicial power was vested in a Supreme Court
composed of a Chief Justice (Filipino)and
associate Justice (Fil & Americans). Members were
appointed by the US President with the consent of
the US Senate
-on October 3, 1916, elections were held for
the new legislature
-the new legislature was inaugurated on
October 16, 1916
-Sergio Osmena was elected speaker and
Manuel Quezon became the Senate
President
SOCIAL AND ECONOMIC
PROGRESS
EDUCATION:
-the Americans made education as atop
priority and propagate their language.
-the American soldiers were the first English
teachers of the Filipinos.
ACT # 74:
-enacted by the Taft Commission in January
1901 establishing the public school system.
-it provided for free primary education and
the establishment of a school to train
Filipino teachers
-it required the teaching of English
-it abolished compulsory religious instruction
THOMASITES:
-the first group of 600 teachers from the US who
arrived in Manila on August 23, 1901 on board
the transport ship Thomas.
FILIPINOS PENSIONADOS:
-Filipino students who were given opportunities
to study higher education in America and
financed by the Phil government.
SILLIMAN UNIVERSITY:
-a Protestant university founded in Negros
Oriental in 1901
CENTRO ESCOLAR UNIVERSITY:
-founded by Librada Avelino in 1907
PHIL WOMEN’S UNIVERSITY:
-founded by Francisca T. Benitez in 1919.
PROTESTANISM:
-SECTS:
-Presbyterians (1899)
-Baptists (1900)
-Disciples of Christ (1901)
-Seventh Day Adventists (1905)
-Methodist Episcopalians (1908)
AGLIPAYAN CHURCH:
-established in Manila on August 3, 1902
ISABELO DELOS REYES:
-founder and a labor leader
-founded the Democratic Labor Union in
July 1901 which was the first labor union in
the Phils.
GREGORIO AGLIPAY:
-a Catholic priest, as the new Supreme
Bishop
-named by Aguinaldo as Military Vicar
General of the Revolutionary Army
ECONOMIC AND OTHER
IMPROVEMENTS
1903:
- the first motor vehicle from America
1911:
-the first airplane was introduced in the Phils.
AMERICAN CULTURAL
INFLUENCE
ENGLISH LANGUAGE:
-one of America’s greatest contribution.
-AMERICAN SOLDIER
-THE MANILA TIMES
-the first newspapers
THE MANILA DAILY BULLETIN (1900)
THE CABLENEWS (1902)
CABLENEWS-AMERICANS (1907)
PHIL. FREE PRESS (1907)
THE INDEPENDENT (1915):
-founded by Vicente Sotto which was the
first weekly newspaper
PHIL HERALD (1920):
-the first Filipino daily newspaper
THE TRIBUNE (1925):
-founded by Alejandro Roces Sr. Which
became one of the most popular English
language newspaper in the Phils.
THE PEACEFUL
STRUGGLE FOR
INDEPENDENCE
TheFilipinos never ceased to aspire for
eventual independence. They
continued their struggle to regain their
independence and resorted to peaceful
means to achieve their dream.
EARLY EFFORTS:
-the Filipinos agitated for independence
during the first few years of the
Americans.
-this worried the American authorities
-consequently, the Phil. Commission
enacted the two controversial laws-the
Sedition and the Flag law.
-despite these laws, the Filipino nationalist
continued to advocate independence.
-in the halls of the Phil. Assembly, Filipino
legislators call for independence
-similar pleas were aired by Filipino resident
commissioners in the US
MARCH 17, 1919:
-the Phil Legislature passed a resolution
expressing the feeling of the Filipinos that
the time had come for the US to grant Phil
independence.
-Governor-general Francis B. Harrison,
sympathetic to the Filipino cause, issued
an official certification that a stable
government already existed in the Phils.
WOOD-FORBES MISSION:
-President Harding, when he won as
American President in 1920, sent a special
mission to the Phils to verify the political
situation here.
-composed of Gen. Leonard Wood and
Gov. Gen W. Cameron Forbes.
-stayed in the Phils for four months.
-in October 1921, the mission submitted its
report to the President saying that the
Filipinos were not ready for independence
-a similar mission was sent to the Phils in
1926, sent by President Calvin Coolidge
and headed by Col. Carmi A. Thompson
who recommended the same with that of
the Wood-Forbes mission.
INDEPENDENCE MISSIONS
1919 (QUEZON MISSION):
-the first mission sent by the Phil legislature
composed of 40 members headed by
Manuel L Quezon which failed.
1922 (QUEZON AND OSMENA MISSION):
-the second mission jointly headed by
Quezon and Osmena. Its task was to
counter act the report of the Wood-
Forbes mission
1923 (ROXAS MISSION):
-the third mission headed by Manuel A.
Roxas was dispatched to the US which
again was a failure
1927 (QUEZON MISSION):
-another mission was sent headed by
Quezon to counter act the reports of the
Thompson mission and was a failure.
1931 (OSROX MISSION):
-the OSROX mission was sent to the US
following the victory of the Democratic
Party to work for the passage of
independence law which was supported
by US Sen. Harry B. Hawes who came in
Manila in 1931 to make a survey of the
existing condition in the country and later
filed an independence bill with US Rep.
Hare and US Sen. Cutting as co-sponsor
-the bill was approved in December 1932
and came to be known as the Hare-
Hawes-Cutting Act.
-before the law could take effect, it had to
be approved by the Phil legislature.
-the passage of the law splitted the Filipino
people. The antis with Quezon and Pros
with Osrox.
-Quezon objected the Act for 3 reasons:
-trade relations
-immigration provision
-US military retention
-Quezon emerged victorious and the Phil
legislature rejected the act.
1934 (QUEZON MISSION):
-Quezon went to US to work for another
independence law. The US Congress
enacted another law sponsored by Sen.
Millard Tydings and Rep. John McDuffie
which was signed into law by President
Franklin D Roosevelt on March 24, 1934.
-the law came to be known as the Tydings-
McDuffie Act which provided for the
establishment of a Commonwealth of the
Phils which would govern the Phils for a
transition period of 10 years after which,
on July 4, 1946, the US would proclaim the
independence of the Phils.
-the Act called for a constitutional
convention that would frame a
constitution for the Phils to establish a
republican form of government,
containing a bill of rights and ratified by
the Filipinos in a plebiscite and approved
by the US President.
CHAPTER 13:
THE
COMMONWEALTH OF
THE PHILIPPINES
The enactment of the Tydings-McDuffie Act
was the culmination of the peaceful
struggle of the Filipinos to regain their
independence.
THE FRAMING OF A PHIL.
CONSTITUTION
In compliance with the act, a
constitutional convention was called to
frame a constitution for the Philippine
Commonwealth. Elections for the
delegates were held on July 10, 1934. A
total of 202 delegates were elected
which held its inaugural session in Manila
on July 30, 1934. Claro M. Recto was
elected as its president.
SEVEN WISE MEN:
A subcommittee of seven headed by
Felimon Sotto drafted the constitution
which the draft finished on October 20,
1934. The debates ended on January 31,
1935. On February 8, 1935, the constitution
was approved by the convention by a
vote of 177-1 with Thomas Cabili of Lanao,
the lone dissenting vote.
The formal signing of the constitution was
held on February 19, 1935 after which
Pres. Roosevelt signed it on March 23,
1935. The constitution was ratified by the
Filipinos in a plebiscite on May 14, 1935.
THE 1935 CONSTITUTION
A constitution not only for the
commonwealth but also for the future
republic of the Phils.
It established a republican form of
government.
The executive power was vested in the
President who would be elected directly
by the people to serve for a term of six
years.
The legislative was vested in a unicameral
National Assembly whose members would
be elected by the people.
The judicial power was vested in the
Supreme Court.
It defined who are Filipino citizens and a
bill of rights.
THE BIRTH OF THE
COMMONWEALTH OF THE
PHILIPPINES
Inthe national elections of September 17,
1935, Manuel L. Quezon and Sergio
Osmena won as president and vice
president respectively.
The commonwealth was inaugurated in
Manila on November 15, 1935.
During the ceremonies, Chief Justice
Ramon Avancena swore into office
Quezon and Osmena
Secretary of war, George Dern, formally
proclaimed the existence of the
commonwealth of the Philippines and the
termination of the Philippines under the
Jones law.
WOMEN SUFFRAGE
Gov. gen. Frank Murphy signed into law a
bill granting Filipino women the right to
vote.
The women voted for the first time on may
14, 1935 in the plebiscite to ratify the 1935
constitution.
Filipino women entered politics and ran
for public office.
CARMEN PLANAS:
-first woman councilor of Manila
ELISA OCHOA:
-first woman to be elected member of the
Congress
AMENDMENTS TO THE
CONSTITUTION
OCTOBER 24, 1939:
-amendment to the economic provisions
JUNE 18, 1940:
-a change in the term of office of the President
and the Vice President from 6 years to 4 years
with reelection for another term.
-the establishment of A Congress composed of
2 houses to replace the unicameral National
Assembly.
PRESIDENTIAL ELECTION OF
1941
The first national election under the
amended constitution was held on
November 11, 1941.
Quezon and Osmena were reelected
who were inaugurated on December 30,
1941.
CHAPTER 14:
THE PHILIPPINES
UNDER
JAPANESE
OCCUPATION
The Japanese invaded the
Phils. shortly after the 6th year
of the Commonwealth and
governed the country for 3 1/2
years. The Commonwealth
fled in exile to the US.
THE ROAD TO WAR
-In1930, Adolf Hitler wanted to enlarge
Germany. He sent German troops to the
Rhineland in 1936. He annexed Austria in
1938 and got half of Czechoslovakia.
ROXAS:
-inaugurated as the last President of the
Commonwealth on may 28, 1946 who
was sworn into office by Chief justice
Manuel V. Moran.
COLLABORATION ISSUE
One of the most controversial issues that had
to do with the Filipinos who served under the
Japanese sponsored government.
Some of the collaborators were Laurel, Yulo,
recto, Aquino, Sison, Alunan, and Vargas.
According to the collaborators, they
collaborated with the Japanese to protect
the Filipinos from a worse fate.
SEPTEMBER 25, 1945:
-Osmena created a people’s Court to try
the collaboration issue
LORENZO TANADA:
-named Solicitor-General who would
prosecute the collaborators
TEOFILO SISON:
-first to be tried and sentenced to life
imprisonment..
JANUARY 28, 1948:
-Roxas proclaimed an amnesty which
ended the collaboration issue
BIRTH OF THE 3RD
PHILIPPINE REPUBLIC
JULY 04, 1946:
-inaugurated an independent republic of
the Philippines at Luneta.
-the visitors were Mac Arthur as the
commander of the Allied Powers in
Japan, Willard Tydings, the co-sponsor of
the independence law, Francis B.
Harrison,, the most beloved American
governor general.
PAUL V. MC NUTT:
-read the proclamation of US President
Harry S. Truman withdrawing America’s
sovereignty over the Philippines and
recognizing the Philippines as an
independent nation.
Mc Nutt lowered the American flag while
Roxas raised the Philippine flag.
Roxas took his oath as first President of the
3rd republic.
ECONOMIC PROBLEMS
BELL TRADE RELATIONS ACT: (CONG. C.
JASPER BELL):
-passed by the US Congress on April 30, 1946
which provided for the free trade between
the Philippines and US up to 1954.
PHIL. REHABILITATION ACT (US SEN
TYDINGS):
-appropriated $620M to be paid to Filipinos who
suffered war damage.
The enactment of these laws provided
one condition by the US that the Phils
grant parity rights to Americans ((equal
rights with the Filipinos to develop and
exploit the natural resources of the Phils
and to operate public utilities here.)
COMMUNIST PROBLEMS
HUKBALAHAP (hukbo ng bayan laban
sa hapon)
-a communist guerilla army to fight the
Japanese
-composed of peasants and farmers in
Central Luzon headed by Luis M. Taruc.
Later, renamed to Hukbong Magpapalya
ng Bayan (HMB)
BENIGNO S. AQUINO JR:
-Magsaysay personal emissary to Luis Taruc
FOREIGN RELATIONS
Roxas established the foreign relations of
the Phils which was pro-Americans.