Documenti di Didattica
Documenti di Professioni
Documenti di Cultura
,
GGIAL
Faculty I/C–
Prof. M K Hamirwasia Prepared by -
A. Shashank
BITS Pilani Organization Guide–
Mr. M L N B Prasad
Surya Prakash Mahapatra
1. Introduction
2. Important Airport Terminologies
3. ICAO Annex-14
4. Airport Masterplan
– Need for a new Airport
– Masterplan – Objectives and Planning
– Masterplanning Process
– Site Description
– Traffic Forecast and Projections
– Airside, Landside & PTB
5. Airfield Pavement Design
– Design Traffic Calculation
– Taxiway Utilization Model
– Design of Flexible Pavements (Runway, Taxiways) Using FAARFIELD
– Design of Rigid Pavements (Aprons) Using FAARFIELD
– ACN-PCN Analysis using COMFAA
India is considered as the third largest domestic civil aviation market in the
world.
There are 131 existing airports operating in India (2017)
As many as 100 new airports are expected to be built in the next 10-15
years to meet the growing domestic air travel demand.
TORA: Take Off Run Available. Length of runway declared available and
suitable for ground run of an airplane taking off.
TODA: Take Off Distance Available. Length of take-off run available plus the
length of clearway
Visual Flight Rules: Set of rules followed for the landing of aircraft by visual
reference to the ground
Wind Rose: A diagram showing the direction, duration and/or intensity of
wind used to determine the orientation of runway
Wind Coverage: % of time in a year during which the cross wind components
is <25kmph
Provides a series of aerodrome facilities that are suitable for the aircrafts that are
intended to operate at the aerodrome
Not intended to be used for determining runway length or pavement strength
requirements.
Code number: Corresponds to the highest value of the aeroplane reference field
lengths of the aircrafts for which the runway is intended
Code letter: Corresponds to the greatest wingspan, or the greatest outer main gear
wheel span
*Note: Minimum length required for takeoff at Max Takeoff Mass, Mean Sea Level,
Airport Reference Temperature, zero runway gradient and no wind conditions.
Runway Geometry
Width Carriageway – 45m
Total Width = 60 m
Shoulders – 2 x 7.5m
Longitudinal Slope 1.25% Max
First and Last Quarter – 0.8% Max
Transverse Slope 1.5% Max
Taxiway Geometrics
Width Carriageway – 23m (Code E)
Shoulders – 2 x 7.5m
Proposed
Greenfield Airport
Existing
Airport
• Domestic tourists account for 90% arrivals and 10% International arrivals
• In 2017, 7.6 Million arrivals-
5.9 Million arrivals (Domestic)
0.7 Million arrivals (International)
• Peak season: October- January
• Off-peak season: June-September
Key Features -
• 3400m x 45m runway
• Apron Capacity of 9 aircraft (7 Code C + 2 Code E) currently
• A Passenger Terminal Building (PTB) of approximately 62000 sq.m
• Annual passenger capacity of 7-8 MPPA
The new International Airport will serve tourism and business markets
Phased Development based on:
• Forecast traffic growth
• Level of service as outlined in CA
80% of Phase 1
Phase 2 2021 5.8
Capacity
80% of Phase 2
Phase 3 2023 9.4
Capacity
80% of Phase 3
Phase 4 2024 13.1
Capacity
18 BITS Pilani, Deemed to be University under Section 3, UGC Act
Policy Documents
Focus Area 4
Focus Area 3
Note: Passengers arriving on Domestic flights will make 90% of the total
Arrivals
1. Runway Orientation
• It is decided based on wind direction, Intensity and duration
• This forms the basis of planning of other airport facilities i.e. Taxiway,
Apron area, Terminal Building etc…
As per FAA
Runways should be orientated so that aircraft can take-off and/or land at
least 95% of the times without exceeding the allowable crosswinds
Runway Orientation 09 L 27 R
2. Runway Length
Functions of taxiway:
• Provides access to the aircrafts from the runways to the loading apron.
• Reduce Runway occupancy time.
Parallel Taxiway
Types of Taxiways: Cross Taxiway Rapid Exit Taxiway (Emergency Runway)
1. Parallel Taxiway
Pavement design is same as main runway
Planned as emergency runway capable of catering code E aircraft
Used when main runway is closed due to maintenance and operational requirement
Runway-Taxiway separation : 225m c/c (distance between runway and nearest
parallel taxiway)
This will allow for an holding position for aircraft of max length- 77.5m
3-Segment Method
3. Taxiway Geometrics
Width Carriageway – 23m (Code E)
Shoulders – 2 x 7.5m
Longitudinal Slope 1.5% (Max)
Transverse Slope 1.5% (Max)
Transition Between Slopes R = 3,000m
Longitudinal Slope Changes 1.5% (Max)
Shoulder Transverse Slope 2.5% (Max)
Width of Strip, Code F 2 x 57.5 m
Width of Strip, Code C 2 x 26 m
Wheel Clearance, Code F 4.5 m (Min)
(ICAO Recommendations)
• The Forecourt
• The Airport Plaza
• The Central Processor
• The Pier
Contact Stands
• The terminal is planned with 5 contact stands in the opening phase (Code C
equivalents)
• This equates to 3 Code C stands and 1 MARS stand (Comprising 2 Code C stand or
single Code E stand)
• The MARS stand and one code C can swing to International Flights
• In 2057, There will be 21 Contact stands (15 Code C and 3 MARS stands)
• Security System
• Baggage Handling System
• Central Air-Conditioning System
Landside includes:
• Approach Roads
• Loop Roads and Parking Areas
• Traffic Forecourt
• Landscape Design
• Real Estate Development
• ICT Infrastructure
• IT Systems
• Power Supply and Distribution
• Water Supply and Distribution
• Fire Fighting
• Sewage Collection and Treatment
• Solid Waste Management
• Storm Water Drainage
• The aircraft traffic model used for the structural design of aircraft pavements has been
developed from the phase wise Aircraft Traffic data
• The expected fleet mix has been considered as per Employer’s requirements.
• The Percentages are adjusted such that the total percentage is 100%.
Adjusted
Aircraft Aircraft Type Percentage as per ER Percentage as per
ER
Q400, Turbo prop C 10 10.10
ATR72, Turbo prop C 10 10.10
A320neo C 28 28.27
B737-800 C 15 15.15
B 737 – 900 C 10 10.10
B 737 -900 ER C 6 6.06
A321 C 16 16.15
B757 D/E 1 1.01
B787-900 D/E 1 1.01
B777-300 ER D/E 1 1.01
A350-900 D/E 1 1.01
Marginal percentage ensuring
B777-900 D/E 0.04
52 movements
• Considering the Year wise ATMs and Aircraft fleet mix, each aircraft traffic movements are
calculated year wise.
• It is assumed that annual arrivals equals annual departures for each type of aircraft as
well as for the entire fleet mix
• The average annual arrivals and departures (for Code C and Code D/E separately) are
calculated to be used for the structural design
The Taxiway Utilization Model (TUM) is represented as a percentage usage of the respective
taxiways by the arriving and departing aircraft, considering the following factors:
To explain the proportions of different types of aircraft that will use each part of the airfield
pavement the TUM for arrival mode of Runway 09 scenario as an example is explained in
Figure below.
• All airfield pavement structures have been designed in accordance with FAA AC 150/5320-6F
• FAARFIELD software version 1.42 has been utilised for design of the airfield flexible
pavements.
The layers comprising the pavement structure adopted for design are:
• P-401/P-403 HMA Surface (BC) with PMB40 as binder for Runway, Taxiways and Isolation
Bay and VG30 binder for the aircraft shoulder pavements
• P-401/P-403 stabilized (Flexible) base (DBM) with VG40 as binder for Runway, Taxiways
and Isolation Bay and VG30 binder for the aircraft shoulder pavements
• P-209 Crushed aggregate base (WMM)
• P-154 Un Crushed aggregate (GSB)
• Subgrade of CBR 15%.
High strength
Transition
Low strength
C/L E/L Shoulder
INPUT
1. Subgrade CBR – 15%
2. Design Life – 20 Years
3. Airplane Information
Gross Weight
No. Name Annual Departures
(Tonnes)
1 D-50 22.500 7,258
2 A320-200 Twin std 73.900 10,161
3 B737-800 79.243 5,444
4 B737-900 79.243 3,629
5 B737-900 ER 85.366 2,178
6 A321-200 std 89.400 5,807
7 B757-300 124.058 363
8 B787-9 (Preliminary) 251.744 363
9 B777-300 ER 352.441 109
10 B777-300 ER 315.000 255
11 A350-900 280.900 109
12 A350-900 250.000 255
13 B777 Freighter (Preliminary) 348.722 16
51 BITS Pilani, Deemed to be University under Section 3, UGC Act
Structural Design of Airfield Flexible Pavements
FAARFIELD Design - Illustration
OUTPUT
If,
• HMA CDF is less than 1
• Structure Life > Design Life
• The layers comprising the pavement structure adopted for design are
1. PCC Surface
2. P-304 Cement Treated Base / DLC
3. P-154 Un Crushed aggregate (GSB)
4. Subgrade K=64.2 MN/m2/m (correlated value for CBR 15% as per FAARFIELD
software)
• Aircraft Classification Number (ACN): is numerically defined as twice the single wheel
load at a standard tyre pressure of 1.25MPa, which requires the same pavement thickness
as the actual main wheel gear of the aircraft for a given limiting stress or number of load
repetitions.
• Criteria: If ACN ≤ PCN , then the aircraft can operate on the pavement subject to any
limitation of tire pressure
• COMFAA is the software developed by FAA that calculates ACN values using the
procedures and conditions specified by ICAO and can be used to determine PCN values.
• The flow value obtained was within the range of 660mm and 750 mm
• The mix was accepted for columns of the PTB.
• Objective :
To determine the binder content in the asphalt mix
by cold solvent extraction (benzene)
• Calculations :
W1 – (W2 + W3)
Percentage of Binder = ∗ 𝟏𝟎𝟎
W1
• Result:
Percentage of binder content in the mix to the
nearest second decimal.
62 BITS Pilani, Deemed to be University under Section 3, UGC Act
Flexible Pavement Construction in R&R Colony
Preparation of Surface
• Cleaning using Jet Spray
Paving
Using Sensor Paver
Primary Compaction
1. Vibratory Roller 2.Static (Tandem) Roller
Paving Rolling
• Survey was carried out for 2 days from the NH-17 junction at Dhargal to the Site Main
Gate.
• Chainage : 0+000 to 6+300
(Survey was carried out in intervals of 100m)