Chapter 7 Chemical Quantities

7.1 The Mole

7.2 Molar Mass
7.3 Calculations Using Molar Mass
7.4 Percent Composition and Empirical
Formulas

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 7.1 A Mole
 A mole contains 6.02 x 1023 particles (atoms,
ions, molecules, formula unit)

 The number 6.02 x 1023 is known as Avogadro’s

number.
 One mole of any element contains Avogadro’s
number of atoms.
1 mole Na = 6.02 x 1023 Na atoms
1 mole Au = 6.02 x 1023 Au atoms

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 A Mole of Molecules
 One mole of a covalent compound contains
Avogadro’s number of molecules.
1 mole CO2 = 6.02 x 1023 CO2 molecules
1 mole H2O = 6.02 x 1023 H2O molecules

 One mole of an ionic compound contains

Avogadro’s number of formula units.
1 mole NaCl = 6.02 x 1023 NaCl formula units

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 Samples of One Mole Quantities

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 Avogadro’s Number
 Avogadro’s number is written as conversion
factors.
6.02 x 1023 particles and 1 mole
1 mole 6.02 x 1023 particles
 The number of molecules in 0.50 mole of CO2
molecules is calculated as
0.50 mole CO2 molecules x 6.02 x 1023 CO2 molecules
1 mole CO2 molecules
= 3.0 x 1023 CO2 molecules
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 Learning Check
A. Calculate the number of atoms in 2.0 moles
of Al.

B. Calculate the number of moles of S in 1.8 x

1024 S.

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 Solution
A. Calculate the number of atoms in 2.0 moles of Al.
2.0 moles Al x 6.02 x 1023 Al atoms
1 mole Al
=1.2 x 1024 Al atoms

B. Calculate the number of moles of S in 1.8 x 1024 S.

1.8 x 1024 S atoms x 1 mole S
6.02 x 1023 S atoms
= 3.0 mole S atoms
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 7.2 Molar Mass
 The mass of
one mole is
called molar
mass (g/mole).
 The molar
mass of an
element is the
atomic mass
expressed in
grams.
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 Learning Check
Give the molar mass to the nearest 0.1 g.
A. 1 mole of K atoms = ________

B. 1 mole of Sn atoms = ________

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 Solution

Give the molar mass to the nearest 0.1 g.

A. 1 mole of K atoms = 39.1 g

B. 1 mole of Sn atoms = 118.7 g

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 Molar Mass of CaCl2
 For a compound, the molar mass is the sum of the
molar masses of the elements in the formula. We
calculate the molar mass of CaCl2 to the nearest 0.1 g
as follows.

 Formula mass of CaCl2 = [40.1 + 2(35.45)] = 111.1amu

 Formula mass = molar mass, so

111.1amu = 111.1g/mol
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 Molar Mass of K3PO4
Determine the molar mass of K3PO4 to 0.1 g.

Molar Mass = [3(39.1) + 31.0 + 4(16)]

= 212.3g/mol

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 One-Mole Quantities

32.1 g 55.9 g 58.5 g 294.2 g 342.3 g

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 Learning Check

A. 1 mole of K2O = ______g

B. 1 mole of antacid Al(OH)3 = ______g

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 Solution
A. 1 mole of K2O
2 (39.1) + 1 (16.0) = 94.2 g/mol
1mole K2O x 94.2g/mol = 94.2g

B. 1 mole of antacid Al(OH)3

1 (27.0) + 3 (16.0) + 3 (1.0) = 78.0 g/mol
1mole Al(OH)3 x 78.0 g/mol = 78.0g
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 Learning Check
Prozac, C17H18F3NO, is an antidepressant that
inhibits the uptake of serotonin by the brain.
What is the molar mass of Prozac?

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 Solution
Prozac, C17H18F3NO, is a widely used antidepressant
that inhibits the uptake of serotonin by the brain.
What is the molar mass of Prozac?

17C (12.0) + 18H (1.0) + 3F (19.0) + 1N (14.0) + 1 O (16.0) =

204 + 18 + 57.0 + 14.0 + 16.0
= 309 g/mole

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 Molar Mass Factors
Methane CH4 known as natural gas is used in
gas cook tops and gas heaters.
1 mole CH4 = 16.0 g

The molar mass of methane can be written as

conversion factors.
16.0 g CH4 and 1 mole CH4
1 mole CH4 16.0 g CH4

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 Learning Check
Acetic acid C2H4O2 gives the sour taste to vinegar.
Write two molar mass conversion factors for acetic
acid.

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 Solution
Acetic acid C2H4O2 gives the sour taste to vinegar.
Write two molar mass factors for acetic acid.

2(12.0) + 4(1.0) + 2(16) = 60.0g/mol

1 mole of acetic acid = 60.0 g acetic acid

1 mole acetic acid and 60.0 g acetic acid

60.0 g acetic acid 1 mole acetic acid
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 7.3 Calculations with Molar Mass
 Mole factors are used to convert between the
grams of a substance and the number of moles.

Grams Mole factor Moles

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 Calculating Grams from Moles
Aluminum is often used for the structure of
lightweight bicycle frames. How many grams
of Al are in 3.00 moles of Al?

3.00 moles Al x 27.0 g Al = 81.0 g Al

1 mole Al
mole factor for Al

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 Learning Check
The artificial sweetener aspartame (Nutri-Sweet)
C14H18N2O5 is used to sweeten diet foods, coffee and
soft drinks. How many moles of aspartame are
present in 225 g of aspartame?

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 Solution
Calculate the molar mass of C14H18N2O5.
14 (12.0) + 18 (1.0) + 2 (14.0) + 5(16.0)
= 294 g/mole
Set up the calculation using a mole factor.
225 g aspartame x 1 mole aspartame
294 g aspartame
mole factor(inverted)
= 0.765 mole aspartame
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 7.4 Percent Composition
 In a compound, the percent composition is the
percent by mass of each element in the formula.
 In one mole of CO2 there are 12.0 g of C and
32.0 g of O (molar mass 44.0 g/mol),

12.0 g C x 100 = 27.3 % C

44.0 g CO2
32.0 g O x 100 = 72.7 % O
44.0 g CO2 100.0 %

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 Learning Check
What is the percent carbon in C5H8NNaO4
(MSG monosodium glutamate), a compound
used to flavor foods and tenderize meats?
1) 7.10 %C
2) 35.5 %C
3) 60.0 %C

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 Solution
2) 35.5 %C
Molar mass = 169.1 g
% = total g C x 100
total g MSG

= 60.0 g C x 100 = 35.5 % C

169.1 g MSG

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 Types of Formulas
 The molecular formula is the true or actual
number of the atoms in a molecule.
 The empirical formula is the simplest whole
number ratio of the atoms.
 The empirical formula is calculated by dividing
the subscripts in the molecular formula by a
whole number to give the lowest ratio.
C5H10O5 5 = C1H2O1 = CH2O
molecular empirical formula
formula
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 Some Molecular and Empirical
Formulas

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 Learning Check
A. What is the empirical formula for C4H8?
1) C2H4 2) CH2 3) CH

B. What is the empirical formula for C8H14?

1) C4H7 2) C6H12 3) C8H14

C. Which is a possible molecular formula for

CH2O?
1) C4H4O4 2) C2H4O2 3) C3H6O3

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 Solution
A. What is the empirical formula for C4H8?
2) CH2 C4H8 4

B. What is the empirical formula for C8H14?

1) C4H7 C8H14 2

C. Which is a possible molecular formula for

CH2O?
2) C2H4O2 3) C3H6O3
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 Learning Check
If the molecular formula has 4 atoms of N, what
is the molecular formula if SN is the empirical
formula? Explain.
1) SN
2) SN4
3) S4N4

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 Solution
If the molecular formula has 4 atoms of N, what
is the molecular formula if SN is the empirical
formula? Explain.
3) S4N4

If the molecular formula has 4 atoms of N, and

S and N are related 1:1, then there must also be
4 atoms of S.

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 Relating Empirical and Molecular
Formulas
 A molecular formula is equal to or a multiple
of the empirical formula.

 Thus, the molar mass is equal to or a multiple

of the empirical mass.
molar mass = a whole number
empirical mass

 Multiply the empirical formula by the whole

number to determine the molecular formula.
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 Finding the Molecular Formula
Determine the molecular formula of a compound
that has a molar mass of 78.0 and an empirical
formula of CH.
1. Empirical mass of CH = 13.0 g/mol
2. Divide the molar mass by the empirical mass.
3. 78.0 g/mol = 6.00
13.0 g/mol
4. Multiply the subscripts in CH by 6.
5. Molecular formula = (CH)6 = C6H6

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 Learning Check
A compound has a formula mass of 176.0 and an
empirical formula of C3H4O3. What is the
molecular formula?

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 Solution
A compound has a formula mass of 176.0 and an
empirical formula of C3H4O3. What is the molecular
formula?
C3H4O3 = 3(12.0) + 4(1.0) + 3(16.0) = 88.0 g/mol

176.0 g/mol (molar mass) = 2.00

88.0 g/mol (empirical mass)

Molecular formula = 2 (empirical formula)

(C3H4O3 )2 = C6H8O6
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 Finding the Molecular Formula
A compound is C 24.27%, H 4.07%, and Cl
71.65%. The molar mass is known to be 99.0 g.
What are the empirical and molecular formulas?
1. Write the mass percents as the grams in a
100.00-g sample of the compound.
C 24.27 g H 4.07 g Cl 71.65 g

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 Finding the Molecular Formula
Continued
2. Calculate the number of moles of each element.
24.27 g C x 1 mole C = 2.02 moles C
12.0 g C

4.07 g H x 1 mole H = 4.03 moles H

1.01 g H

71.65 g Cl x 1 mole Cl = 2.02 moles Cl

35.5 g Cl
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 Finding the Molecular Formula
(continued)
3. Divide each by the smallest
2.02 moles C = 1 mole C
2.02
4.03 moles H = 2 moles H
2.02
2.02 moles Cl = 1 mole Cl
2.02
Empirical formula = C1H2Cl1 = CH2Cl

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 Finding the Molecular Formula
(continued)
4. Calculate empirical mass (EM)
empirical mass CH2Cl = 49.5 g/mol

5. Divide molar mass by empirical mass

Molar mass = 99.0 g/mol = 2
Empirical mass 49.5 g/mol

6. Determine Molecular formula

(CH2Cl)2 = C2H4Cl2

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 Learning Check
Aspirin is 60.0% C, 4.5 % H and 35.5 % O.
Calculate its empirical (simplest) formula.

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 Solution (continued)
In 100 g of aspirin, there are 60.0 g C,
4.5 g H, and 35.5 g O.
60.0 g C x 1 mole C = 5.00 moles C
12.0 g C

4.5 g H x 1 mole H = 4.5 moles H

1.01 g H

35.5 g O x 1mole O = 2.22 moles O

16.0 g O
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 Solution (continued)
Divide by the smallest number of moles.
5.00 moles C = 2.25 moles C
2.22
4.5 moles H = 2.0 moles H
2.22
2.22 moles O = 1.00 mole O
2.22
Note that the results are not all whole
numbers. To obtain whole numbers,
multiply by a factor to give whole numbers.
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 Solution (continued)
Multiply each number of moles by 4
C: 2.25 moles C x 4 = 9 moles C
H: 2.0 moles H x 4 = 8 moles H
O: 1.00 mole O x 4 = 4 moles O

Use the whole numbers as subscripts to

obtain the simplest formula
C9H8O4

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 Learning Check
A compound is 27.4% S, 12.0% N and
60.6 % Cl. If the compound has a molar
mass of 351 g, what is the molecular
formula?

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 Solution
In 100.0 g, there are 27.4 g S, 12.0 g N and
60.6 g Cl.
27.4 g S x 1 mole S = 0.854 mole S
32.1 g S

12.0 g N x 1 mole N = 0.857 moles N

14.0 g N

60.6 g Cl x 1mole Cl = 1.71 moles Cl

35.5 g Cl

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 Solution (continued)
Dividing by the smallest number of moles
0.854 mole S /0.854 = 1.00 mole S
0.857 mole N/0.854 = 1.00 mole N
1.71 moles Cl/0.854 = 2.00 moles Cl
Empirical formula = SNCl2 = 117.1 g/mol
Molar Mass/ Empirical mass
351 = 3
117.1
Molecular formula = (SNCl2)3 = S3N3Cl6
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