NET201 Midterm Lecture 5 IPv4 Variable Length Subnet Mask VLSM and IPv6 Subnetting

NET201: Network with Lab 2
Midterm Lecture 5
IPv4 Variable Length Subnet
Mask (VLSM) and IPv6
Subnetting
Introduction to Networks
Presentation_ID © 2008 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco Confidential 1
Topic Outline
 Introduction
 Variable Length Subnet Mask (VLSM)
 IPv6 Network Addresses
IP Addressing
Objectives
In this chapter, student should be able to:
1. Describe the benefits of variable length subnet masking (VLSM)
2. Calculate the necessary subnet mask in order to accommodate the requirements of
a hosts addresses in each network,
3. Explain the need for IPv6 addressing,
4. Describe the representation of an IPv6 address,
5. Describe types of IPv6 network addresses,
6. Explain why routing is necessary for hosts on different networks to communicate.
7. Calculate the necessary subnet mask in order to accommodate the requirements of
a network.
PART 1
VARIABLE LENGTH SUBNET MASK
(VLSM)
Internet Scaling Problems
 Internet has experienced two (2) major scaling
issues as it has struggled to provide continuous and
interrupted growth
1. Eventual collapse of IP version 4 (IPv4) address

space -- IPv4 defines a 32-bit address which means that
there are only 232 (4,294,967,296) addresses available
2. Ability to route traffic between the ever increasing

number of networks that comprise the Internet --
Rapid growth in the size of the Internet routing tables
cause core routers will be forced to drop routes and
portions of the Internet will become unreachable
Solutions to Internet Scaling Problems
1. IPv6 (Internet Protocol Version 6)
• Also known as IP Next Generation (IPng)
• Tested and implemented on the 6Bone network, which is an
informal joint project covering North America, Europe, and Japan.
2. Subnets (Subnetting)
• Allows to take one larger network and break it into a bunch of
smaller networks by borrowing bits from host or node addresses.
3. NAT (Network Address Translation)

• Use to slow the depletion of available IP address space by allowing
many private IP addresses to be represented by some smaller
number of public IP addresses.
• Useful tool for network migrations and mergers, server load sharing,
and creating “virtual servers.”
Solutions to Internet Scaling Problems
4. Classless-based IP Addressing
• VLSM (Variable Length Subnet Mask)
• Also known as route aggregation
• Allows routing protocols to advertise many networks
as one address
• CIDR (Classless Inter-Domain Routing)

• Method that ISPs (Internet Service Providers) use to
allocate a number of addresses to a company, a
home -- a customer
Classless- vs. Classful-based IP Addressing
Table 1 – Comparison between Classless and Classful –based IP Addressing Scheme
CLASSLESS-BASED IP CLASSFUL-BASED IP
ADDRESSING SCHEME ADDRESSING SCHEME
Network can be in any size Network size is defined by
(no defined class) network classes (A, B, C, D,
E)
Protocol sends subnetting Fixed network portion –
(/prefix-length) information decimal dotted notation
with routes (different subnet
mask)
Classless routing protocols Classful routing protocols
supported by RIP2, EIGRP, supported by RIP & IGRP
OSPF, BGP and IS-IS
Limitations of Subnetting
 Once the designed has been established, it remains

static
• It locks the organization into a fixed-number of fixed-
sized subnets
 A lot IP addresses are wasted for subnets with

small number of hosts.
Benefits of Variable Length Subnet Masking
Traditional Subnetting Wastes Addresses
 Traditional subnetting – same or fixed number of host addresses is
allocated for each subnet
• Subnets that require fewer addresses have unused (wasted) addresses
• Ex. WAN links only need 2 addresses
 Variable Length Subnet Mask (VLSM) is a process of subnetting a
subnet in order to provides more efficient use of addresses
 VLSM
• Allows a network space to be divided in
unequal parts.
• Subnet mask will vary depending on how many
bits have been borrowed for a particular
subnet.
• Network is first subnetted, and then the
subnets are subnetted again.
• Process repeated as necessary to create
subnets of various sizes.
Typical Classful-based Network Design
Typical Classless-based Network Design
VLSM in Practice
• Using VLSM subnets, the LAN and WAN
segments in example below can be addressed
with minimum waste.
•Each LANs will be assigned a subnet with /27 mask.
•Each WAN link will be assigned a subnet with /30 mask.
VLSM Chart
Structured Design
Planning to Address the Network
 Allocation of network addresses should be planned and
documented for the purposes of:
Preventing duplication of addresses
Providing and controlling access
Monitoring security and performance
 Addresses for Clients - usually dynamically assigned using
Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol (DHCP)
Sample Network
Addressing Plan
PART 2
IPV6 NETWORK ADDRESSES
Introduction
IPv6
 IPv6 is designed to be the successor to IPv4

 Depletion of IPv4 address space has been the
motivating factor for moving to IPv6
 Projections show that all five (5) Regional Internet
Registries (RIRs) will run out of IPv4 addresses
between 2015 and 2020
 With an increasing Internet population, a limited IPv4
address space, issues with NAT, and an Internet of
Things (IoT), the time has come to begin the
transition to IPv6
Introduction
IPv6
 IPv4 (32-bit) has theoretical maximum of 232 = 4.3
billion addresses plus private addresses in
combination with NAT
 IPv6 larger 128-bit address space providing for 2128
= 340 undecillion addresses
 IPv6 fixes the limitations of IPv4 and include
additional enhancements such as ICMPv6
 The Internet Assigned Numbers Authority (IANA) divided the available
IPv6 addresses into eight (8) equal segments based on the three (3)
leading bits of the addresses (000, 001, 010, 011, 100, 101, 110, and
111).
Introduction
IPv6 by Numbers
IPv4 and IPv6 Coexistence
IPv4 to IPv6 Migration Techniques
1. Dual-Stack: Allows IPv4 and IPv6 to coexist on the

same network. Devices run both IPv4 and IPv6 protocol
stacks simultaneously.
2. Tunnelling: A method of transporting an IPv6 packet

over an IPv4 network. The IPv6 packet is
encapsulated inside an IPv4 packet.
3. Translation: Network Address Translation 64 (NAT64)
allows IPv6-enabled devices to communicate with
IPv4-enabled devices using a translation technique
similar to NAT for IPv4. An IPv6 packet is translated to
an IPv4 packet, and vice versa.
IPv6 Addressing
Hexadecimal Number System
 Hexadecimal is a
base sixteen (16)
system
 Base 16 numbering
system uses the
numbers 0 to 9 and
the letters A to F
 Four (4) bits (half
byte or nibble) can
be represented with a
single hexadecimal
value
IPv6 Addressing
IPv6 Address Representation
 Look at the binary bit

patterns that match
the decimal and
hexadecimal values
Link-local IPv6
Address:
fe80::a466:cfd5:4e
8e:f46d
IPv6 Addressing
Example IPv6 Address: FE80::A466:CFD5:4E8E:F46D
16-bits (1 HEXTET)
HEX F E 8 0
WEIGHT 8 4 2 1 8 4 2 1 8 4 2 1 8 4 2 1 FE80
BIN 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
DEC 15 14 8 0
16-bits (1 HEXTET)
HEX A 4 6 6
WEIGHT 8 4 2 1 8 4 2 1 8 4 2 1 8 4 2 1 A466
BIN 1 0 1 0 0 1 0 0 0 1 1 0 0 1 1 0
DEC 10 4 6 6
16-bits (1 HEXTET)
HEX C F D 5
WEIGHT 8 4 2 1 8 4 2 1 8 4 2 1 8 4 2 1 CFD5
BIN 1 1 0 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 1 0 1 0 1
DEC 12 15 13 5
IPv6 Addressing
 128-bits in length and written as a string of hexadecimal
values
 In IPv6, 4-bits represents a single hexadecimal digit
IPv6 address = 32 hexadecimal values (32 x 4 = 128-
bits)
2001:0DB8:0000:1111:0000:0000:0000:0200
FE80:0000:0000:0000:0123:4567:89AB:CDEF
 HEXTET used to refer to a segment of 16 bits or four

hexadecimals
 Can be written in either lowercase or uppercase
IPv6 Addressing
Rule 1 - Omitting Leading 0’s
 The first rule to help reduce the notation of IPv6 addresses is
any leading 0s (zeros) in any 16-bit section or hextet can be
omitted
• 01AB can be represented as 1AB
• 09F0 can be represented as 9F0
• 0A00 can be represented as A00
• 00AB can be represented as AB
IPv6 Addressing
Rule 2 - Omitting All 0 Segments
 A double colon (::) can replace any single,
contiguous string of one or more 16-bit segments
(hextets) consisting of all 0’s
 Double colon (::) can only be used once within an
address otherwise the address will be ambiguous
 Known as the compressed format
 Incorrect address - 2001:0DB8::ABCD::1234
IPv6 Addressing
Rule 2 - Omitting All 0 Segments
 Examples
Ex.1
Ex.2
Types of IPv6 Addresses
IPv6 Address Types
There are three (3) general types of IPv6 addresses:
1. Unicast – addresses that identifies a unique interface

on an IPv6 device. It is a one-to-one connection
between a source and destination.
2. Multicast – addresses that is used to send a single

packet to multiple (one-to-many) destinations
simultaneously.
3. Anycast - addresses that is described as a one-to-

nearest or one-to-one-of-many packet delivery
NOTE: IPv6 does not have broadcast addresses

IPv6 Prefix Length
 IPv6 does not use the dotted-decimal subnet mask notation
 Prefix length indicates the network portion of an IPv6 address
using the following format:
• IPv6 address /prefix length
• Prefix length can range from 0 to 128
• Typical prefix length is /64
IPv6 Unicast Addresses
 Unicast
• Uniquely identifies an interface on an IPv6-enabled device
• A packet sent to a unicast address is received by the interface
that is assigned that address.
Types of IPv6 Unicast Addresses
1. Global Unicast (/3)
• A unicast addresses that are used to uniquely identify a specific
interface on a host and can be used as a public address on the
internet (globally routable)
• Address Range: 2000:0000:0000:0000:0000:0000:0000:0000/3 to
3FFF:FFFF:FFFF:FFFF:FFFF:FFFF:FFFF:FFFF/3
2. Link-Local Unicast (/10)

• A unicast addresses that are limited to a point to point connection
within a local network (other devices on the same local link)
• Routers will not forward packets with a link-local address (confined to
a single link - not routable beyond the link)
• Address Range: FE80:0000:0000:0000:0000:0000:0000:0000/10 to
FEBF:FFFF:FFFF:FFFF:FFFF:FFFF:FFFF:FFFF/10
3. Loopback Unicast (::1)
• Unicast address used by a host to send a packet to itself and cannot
be assigned to a physical interface
• Ping an IPv6 loopback address to test the configuration of TCP/IP on
the local host
• All-0s except for the last bit, represented as ::1/128 or just ::1
• It operates the same as the IPv4 127.0.0.1 loopback address.
4. Unspecified Unicast (::)

• It is only used as a source address to indicate the absence of an
actual address and it can not be assigned as to an interface.
• An all-0’s unicast address represented as ::/128 or just ::
5. Unique Local Unicast (/7)
• A unicast addresses that are roughly the same (similar) as IPv4
private addresses.
• It is used for local addressing within a site or between a limited
number of sites.
• Address Range: FC00:0000:0000:0000:0000:0000:0000:0000/7 to
FDFF:FFFF:FFFF:FFFF:FFFF:FFFF:FFFF:FFFF/7
6. IPv4 Embedded (/8)

• A unicast addresses that are IPv6 addresses with an IPv4 address
embedded in the low-order 32 bits.
• Used to help transition from IPv4 to IPv6
• Address Range: 0000:0000:0000:0000:0000:0000:0000:0000/8 to
00FF:FFFF:FFFF:FFFF:FFFF:FFFF:FFFF:FFFF/8
IPv6 Link-Local Unicast Addresses
 Every IPv6-enabled network interface is REQUIRED to have
a link-local address (LLA)
 Enables a device to communicate with other IPv6-enabled
devices on the same link and only on that link (subnet)
FE80::/10 range, first 10 bits are 1111 1110 10xx xxxx

1111 1110 1000 0000 (FE80) - 1111 1110 1011 1111 (FEBF)
IPv6 Link-Local Unicast Addresses
 Packets with a source or destination link-local address
cannot be routed beyond the link from where the packet
originated
Structure of an IPv6 Global Unicast Address
 IPv6 global unicast addresses are globally unique

and routable on the IPv6 Internet
 Equivalent to public IPv4 addresses
 ICANN allocates IPv6 address blocks to the five (5)
RIRs
 Currently, only global unicast addresses with the first
three bits of 001 or 2000::/3 are being assigned
• Currently, only global unicast addresses with the first

three bits of 001 or 2000::/3 are being assigned
 A global unicast address has three (3) parts:
1. Global Routing Prefix (48-bits) - prefix or network portion

of the address assigned by the provider, such as an ISP, to
a customer or site, currently, RIR’s assign a /48 global
routing prefix to customers
2001:0DB8:ACAD::/48 has a prefix that indicates that the first 48 bits
(2001:0DB8:ACAD) is the prefix or network portion
2. Subnet ID (16-bits)
• These bits or nibble used by an organization to identify subnets
within its site
3. Interface ID (64-bits)
• Equivalent to the host portion of an IPv4 address
• Used because a single host may have multiple interfaces, each
having one or more IPv6 addresses
Global Unicast Prefix Allocations
 Options when assigning IPv6 addresses to their customers or Sites
used by local ISPs
*LIR (Local Internet Registry)

Dynamic Link-local Addresses
Link-Local Address
 After a global unicast address is assigned to an interface,
IPv6-enabled device automatically generates its link-local
address
 Must have a link-local address which enables a device to
communicate with other IPv6-enabled devices on the
same subnet
 Uses the link-local address of the local router for its default
gateway IPv6 address
 Routers exchange dynamic routing protocol messages
using link-local addresses
 Routers’ routing tables use the link-local address to identify
the next-hop router when forwarding IPv6 packets
Dynamic Link-local Addresses
Dynamically Assigned
 Link-local address is dynamically created using the
FE80::/10 prefix and the Interface ID
IPv6 Multicast Addresses
Assigned IPv6 Multicast Addresses
 Multicast (/8) addresses are used to send a single

packet to multiple destinations simultaneously.
Two (2) types of IPv6 multicast addresses:

• Assigned Multicast
• Solicited Node Multicast
• Address Range:
FF00:0000:0000:0000:0000:0000:0000:0000/8 to
FFFF:FFFF:FFFF:FFFF:FFFF:FFFF:FFFF:FFFF/8
Two (2) common IPv6 assigned multicast groups include:
 FF02::1 - All-nodes multicast group
• all IPv6-enabled devices join
• same effect as an IPv4 broadcast address
 FF02::2 - All-routers multicast group

• all IPv6 routers join
• a router becomes a member of this group when it is enabled as
an IPv6 router with the ipv6 unicast-routing global configuration
command
• a packet sent to this group is received and processed by all IPv6
routers on the link or network.
Solicited Node IPv6 Multicast Addresses
 Similar to the all-nodes multicast address, matches only the last 24
bits of the IPv6 global unicast address of a device
 Automatically created when the global unicast or link-local unicast

addresses are assigned
 Created by combining a special FF02:0:0:0:0:FF00::/104 prefix
with the right-most 24 bits of its unicast address.
Solicited Node IPv6 Multicast Addresses
 The solicited node multicast address consists of two

parts:
1. FF02:0:0:0:0:FF00::/104 multicast prefix - first 104 bits of the all
solicited node multicast address
2. Least significant 24-bits – copied from the right-most 24 bits of the
global unicast or link-local unicast address of the device
PART 3
SUBNETTING IPV6 NETWORK
Structured Design
Planning to Address the Network
• Allocation of network addresses should be planned and
documented for the purposes of:
 Preventing duplication of addresses
 Providing and controlling access
 Monitoring security and performance
• Addresses for Clients - usually dynamically assigned using
Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol (DHCP)
Sample
Network
Addressing Plan
IPv6 Network
Introduction
 Unlike IPv4 which requires you to borrow bits from the

host portion, IPv6 has 16 bits or four hexadecimal
numbers built into the address specifically allocated for
creating subnets.
 A /48 address will allow you to have a single subnet or
up to 65,536 (2^16 = 65,536) subnets.
The FORTH (4th) HEXTET is reserved for subnetting, giving

network administrators multiple options for developing a network
plan.
Subnetting IPv6 Network
Two Methods in IPv6 Subnetting
• In order to keep IPv6 addressing as simple as possible it is a best

practice to subnet on the nibble boundary (one hexadecimal digit (4-
bits) will be borrowed).
Nibble Boundary Subnetting
 Subnetting on the nibble boundary allows us:

1. To easily set up proper route aggregation and summarization to use
for each subnet or location,
2. To deploy firewalls based on location or network users easily
 In order to do this you need to assign Site ID’s and Sub-

Site ID’s as necessary.
• Site ID - is the first address in the subnet you have assigned to a
specific location or user group.
• Sub-site ID’s - come into play if you subnet a location or user group
into smaller subnets.
Nibble Boundary Subnetting
 In subnetting on the Nibble (4-bits or 1 HEX digit) boundary
will gives these subnetting options.
Subnetting an IPv6 Network
Subnetting using the Subnet ID
• An IPv6 network space is subnetted to support
hierarchical, logical design of the network
B=
fixed /48 16
IPV6 Subnet Allocation
Save this range

for over all
infrastructure
needs
Reserved
/64 subnets
for future
networks
Site 0 (Overall Infra Network Address)) -

2001:0DB8:ACAD:0000::/64
Subnetting into the Interface ID
• IPv6 bits can be borrowed from the interface ID to create
additional IPv6 subnets
Example – Basic IPv6 Subnetting
 PROBLEM 1 - Your ISP has given you the IPv6 address
2001:FE12:A231::/48 , then find the following: a) How many /64 subnets
are available with this address? b) What are the first six /64 subnets?
2000:ACAD:1234:6600::/56, then determine the following: a) How many
/64 subnets are available with this address? b) What are the first four
/64 subnets? c) What are the last two /64 subnets in this range?
3FFF:5801:DEAF:B000::/52, find the following: a) How many /64
subnets are available with this address? b) What are the first four /64
subnets? c) What are the last two /64 subnets in this range?
2001:ACAD:5678:ABC0::/60. determine the following: a) How many /64
subnets are available with this address? b) Complete the /64 subnets in
this range.
Developing an Address Plan -- IPv6 Subnetting in the
Real World
• There is no one right way for developing an IPv6
addressing plan, but the recommended general
guidelines include the following:
STEP 1. Decide how you are going to divide your network

• by location (Administration, Academic, & Dormitory)
• by user groups (Administrator, Staff, Students)
Real World
STEP 2. Determine how many primary and secondary subnets your
Site will need.
• Create the primary subnets first, then
• Create secondary subnets.
Real World
Developing an Address Plan -- IPv6 Subnetting in the Real
World
 STEP 3. Based on the number of primary and secondary
subnets needed assign the address ranges.
Examples - Developing an Address Plan in
IPv6
 SCENARIO 1 – You are task to develop a network plan for
IPv6 network for the figure below through location and
group approach. The ISP has assigned you
2001:ACAD:1234::/48.
Network Plan of SCENARIO 1
Examples - Developing an Address Plan in
IPv6
 SCENARIO 2 – Using the minimum number of subnets required for the
primary and secondary sites, design two IPv6 address plans that meets
the following requirements. Create one plan for user groups and a
second plan for location. A Medical Building is opening in your
community and needs an IPv6 network plan developed. The ISP has
given the company 2001:5378:8801:C000:/52.

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NET201: Network with Lab 2

1. Eventual collapse of IP version 4 (IPv4) address

2. Ability to route traffic between the ever increasing

3. NAT (Network Address Translation)

• CIDR (Classless Inter-Domain Routing)

 Once the designed has been established, it remains

 A lot IP addresses are wasted for subnets with

IPV6 NETWORK ADDRESSES

 IPv6 is designed to be the successor to IPv4

1. Dual-Stack: Allows IPv4 and IPv6 to coexist on the

2. Tunnelling: A method of transporting an IPv6 packet

 Look at the binary bit

Example IPv6 Address: FE80::A466:CFD5:4E8E:F46D

 HEXTET used to refer to a segment of 16 bits or four

 Incorrect address - 2001:0DB8::ABCD::1234

1. Unicast – addresses that identifies a unique interface

2. Multicast – addresses that is used to send a single

3. Anycast - addresses that is described as a one-to-

NOTE: IPv6 does not have broadcast addresses

2. Link-Local Unicast (/10)

4. Unspecified Unicast (::)

6. IPv4 Embedded (/8)

FE80::/10 range, first 10 bits are 1111 1110 10xx xxxx

 IPv6 global unicast addresses are globally unique

• Currently, only global unicast addresses with the first

 A global unicast address has three (3) parts:

1. Global Routing Prefix (48-bits) - prefix or network portion

*LIR (Local Internet Registry)

 Multicast (/8) addresses are used to send a single

Two (2) types of IPv6 multicast addresses:

 FF02::2 - All-routers multicast group

 Automatically created when the global unicast or link-local unicast

 The solicited node multicast address consists of two

SUBNETTING IPV6 NETWORK

 Unlike IPv4 which requires you to borrow bits from the

The FORTH (4th) HEXTET is reserved for subnetting, giving

• In order to keep IPv6 addressing as simple as possible it is a best

 Subnetting on the nibble boundary allows us:

 In order to do this you need to assign Site ID’s and Sub-

Save this range

Site 0 (Overall Infra Network Address)) -

STEP 1. Decide how you are going to divide your network

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