Presentation on

fluid mechanics
Submitted to:
Dr. Sheikh Md.Mamun Kabir

Assistant professor(BUTEX)

Submitted by :
Sirajul Islam(2015-1-3-041)
Monirul Islam(2015-1-3-073)
Fluid Flow and Pressure measurement-
Measurement of flow:
 Classification of flow meters-
- venturimeter,
-orificemeter,
- pitot tube,
-rotameter,
-current flow meters

Pressure measurement:
 Classification of manometers
- simple manometer
- U tube manometer
and modifications(Differential/inclined)
- Bourdon gauge
 Various types of flow :
Laminar Flow: the flow of a fluid when each particle of the
fluid follows a smooth path, paths which never interfere with
one another. One result of laminar flow is that the velocity of
the fluid is constant at any point in the fluid.

Turbulent Flow: irregular flow that is characterized by tiny

whirlpool regions. The velocity of this fluid is definitely not
constant at every point.
The equation of continuity:
The equation of continuity states that for an incompressible fluid flowing in a tube of varying
cross-section, the mass flow rate is the same everywhere in the tube. The mass flow rate is
simply the rate at which mass flows past a given point, so it's the total mass flowing past
divided by the time interval. The equation of continuity can be reduced to:

Generally, the density stays constant and then it's simply the flow rate (Av) that is constant.
Bernoulli's equation :
The pressure, speed, and height (y) at two points in a steady-flowing, non-viscous,
incompressible fluid are related by the equation:

Some of these terms probably look familiar...the second term on each side looks
something like kinetic energy, and the third term looks a lot like gravitational
potential energy. If the equation was multiplied through by the volume, the density
could be replaced by mass, and the pressure could be replaced by force x distance,
which is work. Looked at in that way, the equation makes sense: the difference in
pressure does work, which can be used to change the kinetic energy and/or the
potential energy of the fluid
Venturimeter:A venturimeter is a device used
for measuring the rate of flow of a fluid flowing
through a pipe.
Measurement of fluid energy
 Variables That Affect Flow:
Pressure: flow is directly proportional to the pressure difference across the tube
Q∞∆p
Radius: flow is directly proportional to the fourth power of the radius or diameter of
the tube
Q∞r4 or q∞d4
Length: flow is inversely proportional to the length of the tube
1
Q∞
𝑙
Viscosity: flow is inversely proportional to the viscosity of the fluid
1
Q∞
ƞ
A fluid flow in which a stream of one fluid mixes with a surrounding medium, at rest or in motion.
Such flows occur in a wide variety of situations, and the geometries, sizes, and flow conditions cover a large range. To
create some order, two dimensionless groupings are used. The first is the Reynolds number, defined in Eq. (1),

where ρ is the density, V is a characteristic velocity (for example, the jet exit velocity), L is a characteristic length (for
example, the jet diameter), and μ is the viscosity. The second is the Mach number, defined in Eq. (2),

where a is the speed of sound. Jet flows vary greatly, depending on the values of these two numbers. See also: Mach
number; Reynolds number
 Flow Rate Formula:
The flow rate of a liquid is a measure of the volume of liquid that moves in a certain amount of
time. The flow rate depends on the area of the pipe or channel that the liquid is moving
through, and the velocity of the liquid. If the liquid is flowing through a pipe, the area is A =
πr2, where r is the radius of the pipe. For a rectangle, the area is A = wh where w is the width,
and h is the height. The flow rate can be measured in meters cubed per second (m3/s), or in
liters per second (L/s). Liters are more common for measures of liquid volume, and 1 m3/s =
1000 L/s.
fluid flow rate = area of the pipe or channel×velocity of the liquid

Q = Av
Q = liquid flow rate (m3/s or L/s)

A = area of the pipe or channel (m2)

v = velocity of the liquid (m/s)

 The Hagen-Poiseuille Law:

The French physicist Jean Leonard Marie Poiseuille conducted a

series of experiments on fluid flow during the early 19th century and
published his findings in 1842. Poiseuille is credited with having
deduced that flow rate was proportional to the fourth power of pipe
radius, but a German hydraulics engineer, Gotthilf Hagen, had already
arrived at the same results. For this reason, physicists sometimes refer
to the relationship Poiseuille published as the Hagen-Poiseuille law.

The law is expressed as:

Volume flow rate = π X pressure difference X pipe radius 4 X liquid

viscosity / 8 X viscosity X pipe length.
F = πPr4 / 8nl
 Applying Poiseuille's Law
Even when turbulence is a factor, you can still use Poiseuille's equation to get
a reasonably accurate idea of the how flow rate changes with pipe diameter. Keep
in mind that the stated size of a pipe is a measure of its diameter, and you need
the radius to apply Poiseuille's law. The radius is half the diameter.

Suppose you have a length of 2-inch water pipe, and you want to know how much
the flow rate will increase if you replace it with 6-inch pipe. That's a change in
radius of 2 inches. Assume the length of the pipe and the pressure are constant.
The temperature of the water should also be constant, because the viscosity of
water increases as the temperature decreases. If all these conditions are met, the
flow rate will change by a factor of 24, or 16.

Flow rate varies inversely to length, so if you double the length of the pipe while
keeping the diameter constant, you'll get roughly half as much water through it
 Velocity Flowmeters:

Velocity flowmeters are popular because they give a direct measure of fluid velocity,
the characteristic most commonly associated with flowrate. These flowmeters,
however, are among the most sensitive to process conditions.

Since velocity flowmeters operate under the assumption of a constant velocity

profile, they are inaccurate for flows in the laminar regime. This inaccuracy occurs
because there is a large difference between the fluid velocity at the wall and at the
center of the pipe. This property makes velocity flowmeters especially sensitive to
piping geometry and Reynolds number.
In a velocity flowmeer the flow is calculated by measuring the speed in one or more
points in the flow, and integrating the flow speed over the flow area.
Velocity measurement with a Pitot Tube:

A Pitot-tube is used to measure fluid flow velocity. The

tube is pointed into the flow and the difference between
the stagnation pressure at the tip of the probe and
the static pressure at its side is measured, yielding the
dynamic pressure from which the fluid velocity is
calculated using Bernoulli's equation. A volumetric rate
of flow may be determined by measuring the velocity at
different points in the flow and generating the velocity
profile.
Static Pressure, Stagnation Pressure and Dynamic Pressure
Definitions:

Static pressure is what is commonly called simply the pressure of the fluid. It’s
a measure of the amount that fluid pressure exceeds local atmospheric
pressure. It is measured through a flat opening that is parallel with the fluid
flow.

Stagnation pressure is also a measure of the amount that fluid pressure exceeds local
atmospheric pressure, but it includes the effect of the fluid velocity converted to
pressure.

Dynamic pressure (also called velocity pressure) is a measure of the amount that the
stagnation pressure exceeds static pressure at a point in a fluid. It can also be
interpreted as the pressure created by reducing the kinetic energy to zero.
Static Pressue, Stagnation Pressue and Dynamic Pressure – Relationships:

The symbol, P, is often used for static pressure. Dynamic pressure is given by the expression, ½ ρV2. The
stagnation pressure is then given by the following equation:

Pstag = P + ½ ρV2 + γh

Where: ρ is the fluid density (slugs/ft3),

γ is the specific weight of the fluid (lb/ft3),
h is the height above a specified reference plane (ft),
V is the average velocity of the fluid (ft/sec).

With the specified units for the other parameters, pressure will be in lb/ft2.
For pitot tube measurements and calculations, the reference plane is taken to be at the height of the pitot tube
measurements, so the equation for stagnation pressure becomes:

Pstag = P + ½ ρV2 , which can be rearranged to: V = (2ΔP/ρ)1/2

Where ΔP = Pstag – P.

The pressure difference, Δp, (or Pstag – P), can be measured directly with a pitot tube like the third U-tube in the figure
above, or with a pitot tube like that shown in the figure at the right. This is a concentric pitot tube. The inner tube has a
stagnation pressure opening (perpendicular to the fluid flow) and the outer tube has a static pressure opening (parallel
with the fluid flow).
Mass Flow through Nozzles:

The mass flow through a nozzle with sonic flow where the minimum pressure
equals the critical pressure can be expressed as

mc = Ac (n p1 ρ1)1/2 (2 / (n + 1))(n + 1)/2(n - 1)

Where,

mc = mass flow at sonic flow (kg/s)

Ac = nozzle area (m2)

ρ1 = initial density (kg/m3)