Ivon Carl Escaro Geomar Fortaleza

REPORTERS
Philosophy is the science that studies all things
in their ultimate causes, reasons and principles
through the aid of human reason alone.
Philosophy was coined by Pythagoras from two greek
words “philia” which means love and ”Sophia” which
means wisdom. It basically means “love of wisdom”.
 “Philia” for greeks means friendly or collegial
love

Sophia for Plato was “unlimited and which corresponds to the

infinite knowledge of God alone”
 Philosophy uses reason as a chief tool
which can be expressed as the ability to
reflect, deduce, articulate, and evaluate
arguments and thinking logically and
critically.
 The aim of philosophy is to attain truth
understood as a transcended reality
that applies to all people at all time.

It asks questions that pertain to

existence, nature, world human
relations and divine being.

As the search for beliefs that are

rationally justified.
an American philosopher and professor.
Philosophy helps in evaluating
information if they are rationally justified.
The belief system that has undergone
examination by philosophy becomes
better guide for us in our own life.

Philosphy as an activity
American Philosopher
 Philosophy is something that is done,
rather than a subject or a theory.

Skills that a person develop in

studying philosophy is incorporated in
her daily routine, which will become
his hobbit.
When he analyses situations he is
already philosophising.

20th century philosopher

A branch of philosophy which deals with
nature of existence, being and the world
a German philosopher divided
philosophy into four
1.) Ontology - general theory of being and existence

“what is the nature of reality?”

2.) Rational theology - studies about God

3.) Rational psychology - studies about self

“is there a God?”

4.) Rational cosmology - studies about the world

“what is the world made of?”

studies morality, that is, the rightness
or wrongness of a human action.
“greek words “ethikos” which
has two connotations, “ethos”
or social custom and “ethos”
or habbit.
 a roman orator translated ethos to latin
“moralis”(mores) which means character,
manner or custom.
Logicians want to know what makes good
reasoning good and bad reasoning bad

defined as study of principles of correct reasoning.

Basic tool in philosophizing
 From the Greek words “episteme” that is
knowledge and “logos” study of or science of

study of the nature and scope of knowledge

and justified beliefs
“what is knowledge? How is knowledge acquired?

“what are the necessary and conditions of

knowledge?”

“what is the structure of knowledge, what are its

limits?”
Empiricist = learners are passive receptors of experience.

Romanticist = formal education is unnecessary and

restricted.

Empiricist = all knowledge is gained through the senses.

John locke’s view - mind is a blank slate in which
experience is imprinted.
 David Hume - develops john locke’s
argument. He attempted to rely solely
on the evidences of senses and
experience.
A.J. Ayer = for a statement to be valid it must
be true by definition or must be open to
verification by experience.

Analytic = verifiable by meaning of words.

Synthetic = verifiable by observation.
 Nouma - ultimate reality and
unknowable but gives rise to mental
structure and categories.
Phenomena - things that appear to us,
structured by mental categories that
organize our perception.
Jean-Jacques Rousseau - Education
for boys and girls should be different
from one another