CHAPTER 9

GAS POWER CYCLES

Lecture # 11
• Otto Cycle (Spark Ignition Engine)
• Diesel Cycle ( Compression Engine)

• Constant volume heat addition in Otto cycle and

Constant pressure heat addition in Diesel cycle are more
idealistic.

• Close to real combustion

process is dual cycle:
 3

Air Standard Dual Cycle:

Dual cycle: A more realistic
ideal cycle model for modern,
high-speed compression ignition
engine.

P-v diagram of an ideal dual cycle.

Octane No. & Cetane No.
• Octane Number/ Rating (ON): Defines the ability of a fuel to
resist auto-ignition with increase in compression ratio
• High octane number fuels are desired for gasoline engines
• For n-heptane, ON = 0 and for iso-octane, ON = 100

• Cetane Number (CN): Relates to the ability of fuel to ignite

quickly
• CN is opposite to ON
• Fuels with higher cetane number have shorter ignition delays providing
more time for the fuel combustion process to be completed

• Both ON and CN are experimentally measured using

Cooperative Fuel Research (CFR) engine operating under
standard test conditions
Turbo-Charger
A turbine-driven forced induction device that increases an internal combustion
engine's efficiency and power output by forcing extra compressed air into the
combustion chamber. This improvement over a naturally aspirated engine's power
output is due to the fact that the compressor can force more air—and
proportionately more fuel—into the combustion chamber than atmospheric
pressure alone.
Example 1
The temperature at the beginning of the compression process of
an air-standard Otto cycle with a compression ratio of 8 is
300K, the pressure is 1 bar, and the cylinder volume is 560 cm3.
The maximum temperature during the cycle is 2000K.
Determine (a) the temperature and pressure at the end of each
process of the cycle, (b) thermal efficiency, and (c) the mean
effective pressure, in atm. (d) thermal efficiency at cold-air
standard assumption
Example 2
Consider petrol engine working on cold Air-standard Otto cycle,
the minimum pressure and temperature in an Otto cycle are 100
kPa and 27°C. The amount of heat added to the air per cycle is
1500 kJ/kg.
(i) Determine the pressures and temperatures at all points of
Otto cycle.
(ii) Also calculate the specific work and thermal efficiency of
the cycle for a compression ratio of 8 : 1.
Take for air : Cv = 0.72 kJ/kgK, and γ = 1.4.