LECTURE # 2

ME 332 Thermo-II
 CH # 3: PROPERTIES
OF PURE SUBSTANCES
 Pure Substances
• Pure Substance: that a fixed chemical
composition throughout
• Examples: Water, CO2, air (mixture !)
• A mixture of two or more phases of a
pure substance is still a pure substance
as long as the chemical composition of
all phases is the same.

• Phase: Having distinct molecular

arrangement that is homogeneous
throughout and separated from the
others by easily identifiable boundary
surfaces
Phase Change Processes of Pure Substances

Terminology
• Compressed/
subcooled liquid
• Saturated liquid
• Saturated vapor
• Superheated vapor

• Saturation temperature
• Saturation pressure
 Property Diagrams for Phase-Change
Processes
• T-v, P-v and P-T diagrams
T-v & P-v Diagrams
Extending the Diagrams to Include the Solid Phase
 P-T Diagram
• Also called phase diagram
 Property Tables
• Complex relationship among thermodynamic properties,
cannot be expressed by simple equation.
• Some thermodynamic properties can be easily measured
• Others properties are calculated

• These results are summarized in property tables

• For water: Steam Tables (more than one table)
1. Superheated vapor region
2. Compressed liquid region
3. Saturated (mixture) region
• Properties listed:
• T (0C) v(m3/kg) u (kJ/kg) s(kJ/kg.k)
 Enthalpy – A combination Property

• Convenient to group ‘U’ and PV

• Simplifies analysis of many thermodynamic applications
 Ideal-Gas Equation of State
• Any equation that relates the
(Equation of State)
pressure, temperature and specific
volume of a substance.
• Ideal gas equation closely
approximates the P-v-T behavior
of real gases at low densities.
• At low pressures and high
temperatures, the density of a gas
decreases and the gas behaves as
an ideal gas under these
conditions

For Nitrogen Gas

Water Vapor as Ideal Gas ?
 Compressibility Factors
• Deviate from ideal-gas behavior significant at states near the
saturation region and the critical point

• This deviation can accurately be accounted for by the introduction of

a correction factor called the compressibility factor Z
 Reduced Pressure & Temperature
• Gases behave differently at a given temperature and
pressure
• But they behave very much the same at temperatures and
pressures normalized with respect to their critical
temperatures and pressures.

• Principle of corresponding states: The Z factor for all

gases is approximately the same at the same reduced
pressure and temperature
 Generalized Compressibility Chart
• At very low pressures (PR
<<1), gases behave as an
ideal gas regardless of
temperature

• At high temperatures (TR

>2), ideal-gas behavior
can be assumed with
good accuracy regardless
of pressure (except when
PR >>1).

• The deviation of a gas

from ideal-gas behavior is
greatest in the vicinity of
the critical point
Conceptual Questions (CH # 3)
Conceptual Questions (CH # 3)
CH # 4: ENERGY ANALYSIS
OF CLOSED SYSTEMS
 MOVING BOUNDARY WORK
• ~ Boundary work ~ PdV work
• Example: Work done by / on piston of a
reciprocating engine / compressor
• Quasi-equilibrium / quasi-static process
ENERGY BALANCE FOR CLOSED SYSTEMS
 SPECIFIC HEATS
• Specific heat is defined as the energy
required to raise the temperature of a
unit mass of a substance by one
degree.
U, H, Cp, Cv for Ideal Gases
CH # 5: MASS AND ENERGY
ANALYSIS
OF CONTROL VOLUMES
 CONSERVATION OF MASS
(for uniform density)

Steady Flow Process

Steady, Incompressible Flow

 ENERGY OF A FLOWING FLUID
Flow Work

(Energy of Simple Compressible System)

The fluid entering or leaving a control volume possesses an additional form of

energy—the flow energy Pv

By using the enthalpy instead of the internal energy to represent the energy of a flowing
fluid, one does not need to be concerned about the flow work.

The energy associated with pushing the fluid into or out of the control volume is
automatically taken care of by enthalpy.
 ENERGY ANALYSIS OF STEADY-FLOW SYSTEMS
• Steady State Engineering Devices ~ Turbines, compressors, and nozzles