INTRODUCTION

TO LOGIC

COURSE INSTRUCTOR
MS. SEERAT FATIMA
WHAT DO YOU THINK
ABOUT THIS PICTURE?

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Ms. Seerat Fatima: Introduction to Logic
AND THIS ONE?

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Ms. Seerat Fatima: Introduction to Logic
GREAT SAYINGS
We can fool some of the people , all of the
time , and all of the people , some of the
time but not all of the people , all of the
time. (Abraham linken)

A king can stand people fighting, but he

cannot last long, if people start thinking.
(Wil Rogers).

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Ms. Seerat Fatima: Introduction to Logic
WHY STUDY LOGIC?
• To sharpen the minds in the world saturated by stream of
propaganda and advertising.
• To know when a pitchman in conning you and when some
expert or Panduit is proponing and dubious philosophy.
• To develop a tenable argument and respect for good
reasoning.
• To become more adept at problem solving, whether it
counters in business , science, computer science or
politics.

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Ms. Seerat Fatima: Introduction to Logic
COURSE OBJECTIVES
1. Sharpen the intellect of the
students.
2. Develop their learning ability;
3. Strengthening their
understanding; and,
4. Promote clear thinking;

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Ms. Seerat Fatima: Introduction to Logic
BENEFITS OF
STUDYING LOGIC
• Supports the use of our reasoning
powers
• Helps to make them more dependable
• We learn how to defend judgments
• Using logic we bring our intellectual
capacities to maturity and fruitfulness
• We learn to distinguish good arguments
from bad ones

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Ms. Seerat Fatima: Introduction to Logic
BENEFITS OF
STUDYING LOGIC
• Logical behavior
• Logical mind
• Illogical – procedures or inferences that
are faulty, not rationally defensible
• The study of logic helps one to reason
well by illuminating the principles of
correct reasoning

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Ms. Seerat Fatima: Introduction to Logic
BENEFITS OF
STUDYING LOGIC
• We learn the principles of clear and accurate
thinking
• Skills of correct reasoning never become
obsolete
• To learn how to test arguments and to evaluate
them.

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Ms. Seerat Fatima: Introduction to Logic
 SUBJECT MATTER OF
LOGIC
Methods and techniques of logic that
distinguish efficiently between correct and
incorrect reasoning are the subject matter of logic.

Text Book
Introduction to Logic
Irving M. Copi, Carl Cohen, Kenneth McMahon
Fourteenth Edition
Plus Other reading materials

Bring text book to Every Class, its

COMPULSORY!

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Ms. Seerat Fatima: Introduction to Logic
DEFINITIONS OF
LOGIC
Generally, Logic is understood as the
science and art of correct thinking (Cruz,
1995).

Logic as an art, it guides man’s reasoning

so he can proceed with order and ease and
without error in the constructive activity of
making definitions of terms, propositions
and inferences.( Gualdo, 2000)

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Ms. Seerat Fatima: Introduction to Logic
DEFINITION
Derived from the Greek word ”logos” which means - study,
reason or discourse

LOGIC is the science and art of correct thinking

- it is a SCIENCE because it is a systematized body of

logical truths and principles governing correct thinking
 - as an ART, logic is a “techne” and
it teaches how to make a good
argument
- often called the arts of arts
because it develops and perfects the
intellect which all artists need in their
work
 LOGIC AND
CORRECT THINKING
It is “correct” when it conforms to a pattern or to rules
Example: A ruler is 12-inch long
Pres. GMA is a ruler
Therefore, Pres. GMA is 12-inch long
-THINKING is a mental process – involves analysis, definition,
classification, comparison and contrasts, etc.
- It guides or directs man to form correct ideas
ROOTS OF LOGIC
PHILOSOPY..
The ancient definition is the traditional concept of philosophy which
comes from the Greek terms “philos” meaning “love” and “sophia”
means “wisdom” or “knowledge”. Therefore, philosophy is
ordinarily and etymologically construed as the love for wisdom or
knowledge.
“Philosophy is the systematic inquiry into the principles and
presupposition of any field of inquiry.”
“Psychologically, philosophy is an attitude, an approach, or a calling
to answer, or to ask, or even to comment upon certain peculiar
problems. “

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Ms. Seerat Fatima: Introduction to Logic
GREAT MINDS OF
PHILOSOPHY (LOGIC)

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Ms. Seerat Fatima: Introduction to Logic
WHAT IS LOGIC ?
Logic is the study of the methods and principles used to
distinguish correct from incorrect reasoning.

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Ms. Seerat Fatima: Introduction to Logic
WHAT IS CORRECT
REASONING?
If the premises do provide
adequate grounds for accepting
the conclusion, if asserting the
premises to be true does warrant
asserting the conclusions also to
be true, then the reasoning is
correct otherwise it is incorrect.

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Ms. Seerat Fatima: Introduction to Logic
REASONING
Reasoning is a special kind of thinking in
which problems are solved, in which
inference take place, that is, in which
conclusion are drawn from premises.

Our ability to use reasoning is our most

reliable and successful means for
developing sound judgments around the
world around us.

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Ms. Seerat Fatima: Introduction to Logic
REASONING
There is no area of life where reasoning is
completely irrelevant or wasted.
To give up on reasoning would mean to
give up on thinking itself.
Logic is undeniable: In order to attempt to
refute it, one has to use it… thereby
affirming it.
“I can’t speak a word in English”. The
statement itself has been negated.
I don’t exist.”

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Ms. Seerat Fatima: Introduction to Logic
REASONING
• Can one take or leave logic?
• Is logic only applicable to certain topics?
• Is logic optional or true only for fields of
inquiry?
• One cannot not use logic.
• Logic/reason is a precondition of all
intelligible thinking.
• Without logic there would be no such things
or concepts as true or false.

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Ms. Seerat Fatima: Introduction to Logic
WHY LOGIC IS IMPORTANT
FOR MANAGEMENT
SCIENCE?
Consists of unwritten rules, which set up a framework for companies’ mode of
action and possibilities for custom-oriented actions.
Sloan Jr. (1950, p 58) ”There is a logical way of doing business in
accordance with the facts and circumstances of an industry… ”
Then what need to do? Understand, adapt to it or to break with it, thereby
creating something new
Way of thinking utilized by business executives
Part of business decision making process
Utilized for scientific approach
Objective, waive the subjectivity
Solid, firm baseline
Arguable, debatable
Requires for quantitative analysis
Complements qualitative analysis

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Ms. Seerat Fatima: Introduction to Logic
Understanding the logic in business and reasoning behind a
given aspect of reality
We may be able to adapt, grow, leverage and capitalize
using the same reasoning particularly in challenging situation
Logic link cause to effect, action to reaction and input to
output in business world
By finding result, we use logic to analyze
Basis of learning methodology and decision making
Bad logic link effect to false cause (“Fallacy”)
Catalyst of reason, the foundation of experimentation and
the weakness of a lie

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Ms. Seerat Fatima: Introduction to Logic
When applied in strategic management process, it involves
generation and application of unique business insights and
opportunities
In the end, it is aimed to form competitive advantage of an
organization
Done individually or collaboratively to shape
organization’s future

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Ms. Seerat Fatima: Introduction to Logic
LOGIC COMPETENCY
IN BUSINESS
Citing Jeanne Liedtka (1998)
Systems perspective
Understand implications of strategic actions and has
complete end-to-end system of value creation, his or her role
within it
Intent focused
To marshal and leverage their energy, to focus attention, to
resist distraction, and to concentrate at the max achieving a
goal

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Ms. Seerat Fatima: Introduction to Logic
• Thinking in time
•Hold past, present and future in mind at same time
creating better decision making and speed implementation
• Hypothesis driven
• Ensuring creative and critical thinking incorporated into
strategy making
• Intelligent opportunism
• Being responsive to good opportunities

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Ms. Seerat Fatima: Introduction to Logic