“Digital Logic Design”

Lecture
#2
Digital and Analog
Quantities
Digital and Analog Quantities

 Analog quantities have continuous values

 Digital quantities have discrete sets of values

Analog quantities have continuous Digital quantities have discrete

values sets of values
Analogue Quantities

Most of the quantities in nature that we can

measure are
Continuous, for example
 Intensity of Light
 Temperature
 Velocity
 Basic audio public addres system
Continuous Signal

Consider the continuous signal shown in the diagram.

 DigitalQuantities
Digital
 values on the other hand are a
discrete set of values which represent the
actual Continuous Signal
 Personal computers
 Laptops
 Mobiles phones
 And many so on ……
 Digital Representation

The reconstructed continuous signal does not give an exact replica of the original, it has
sharp edges and corners in contrast to the original signal which has smooth curves
Digital systems use electronic circuitry that only
Digital Systems
works with two levels. The two voltage levels
represent two states. A value near the supply
voltage represents logic high or logic 1 state and
a reference value at 0 voltage level or ground
which represents logic low or logic 0 state. The
Two Levels can be represented as:
 Two States
 Number 0/1
 On/Off
 Black/White
 Hot/Cold
 Stationary/Moving
 In binary, a single number is called a bit (for
Binary Digits and Logic Levels
binary digit). A bit can have the value of either a
0 or a 1, depending on if the voltage is HIGH or
LOW.

In binary, a single number

is called a bit (for binary
digit). A bit can have the
value of either a 0 or a 1,
depending on if the
What is group of bits called ?
voltage is HIGH or LOW.
 Binary values are also represented by voltage levels
Digital Waveforms

 What is positive logic ?

 What is negative logic ?
Digital Logic Applications

 Computers ?
 Television
 Communication Systems
 Radar
 Navigation and Guidance Systems
 Military Systems
 Medical Instrumentation
 Industrial Process Controls
 Consumer Electronics
 Many other
Merits of Digital Systems

 Efficient Processing & Data Storage

 Efficient & Reliable Transmission
 Detection and Correction of Errors
 Precise & Accurate Reproduction
 Easy Design and Implementation
 Occupy minimum space
What is Digital Logic ?

 Digital logic is the representation of signals and

sequences of a digital circuit through numbers. It
is the basis for digital computing and provides a
fundamental understanding on how circuits and
hardware communicate within a computer
 A logic gate is an elementary building block of a
digital circuit
 Most logic gates have two inputs and one output.
Digital and Analog Quantities (cont..

Types of electronic devices or instruments:

 Analog

 Digital

 Combination analog and digital

Analog and Digital Systems (Combination
analog and digital)

 Many systems use a mix of analog and digital

electronics to take advantage of each technology. A
typical CD player accepts digital data from the CD
drive and converts it to an analog signal for
amplification.
 What
CD drive is DAC and ADC and where it is used ?

10110011101 Digital-to-analog Linear amplifier

Digital data converter Analog
reproduction
of music audio Speaker
signal
Sound
waves
Analog and Digital Systems (Combination
analog and digital)

 What is Mechatronics?
 It is an interdisciplinary field which comprises both
mechanical and electronics.
 Examples:
 Industrial Robotic Arm
 Home use washing machine
 Automobiles
 What is Digital Logic Design?

 Digital logic design is a system in electrical and

computer engineering that uses simple number
values to produce input and output operations. As a
digital design engineer, you may assist in developing
cell phones, computers, and related personal
electronic devices.
 Digital logic design is the basis of electronic
systems, such as computers and cell phones.
 Digital logic is rooted in binary code, which renders
information through zeroes and ones, giving each
number in the binary code an opposite value.
 This system facilitates the design of electronic
circuits that convey information, including logic
gates with functions that include AND, OR, and NOT
commands.
 Digital Logic Design Applications

 Digital Logic Design is used to develop hardware

 Digital Logic Design is used to develop circuit
board
 Digital Logic Design is used to develop microchip
processors
 And many more.
DIGITAL HARDWARE

 Logic circuits are used to build computer hardware

as well as other products (digital hardware).

 Late 1960’s and early 1970’s saw a revolution in

digital capability

 Smaller transistors
 Larger chip size

 More transistors/chip gives greater functionality but

requires more complexity in the design process
DIGITAL HARDWARE (Cont..)

 Integrated circuits are fabricated on silicon wafers.

Wafers are cut & packed to form individual chips.
Chips have from tens to millions of transistors.

 Complexity can, and generally does, exceed human

capability:

 10-100 million transistors/cm2 now

 100-1000 million transistors/cm2 in 10 years (?)
 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transistor_count

 Provides motivation for computer-based design

techniques
DIGITAL ELECTRONIC CIRCUITS

 Digital electronics or digital (electronic) circuits are

electronics that handle digital signals- discrete
bands of analog levels, rather than by continuous
ranges (as used in analogue electronics).

 All levels within a band of values represent the same

numeric value.

 The number of these states is two, and they are

represented by two
 voltage bands.
 These correspond to the "false" ("0") and "true" ("1")
values.
DIGITAL ELECTRONIC CIRCUITS (Cont..)

 Digital electronic circuits are usually made from large

assemblies of logic gates
 There are ------ no of Logic gates.
 AND gate (7408)
 OR gate (7432)
 NOT gate (7404)
 NAND gate (7400)
 NOR gate (7402)
 Exclusive OR gate (7486)
 Exclusive NOR gate (74266)
 These gates we will study in Second/third lecture in
detail.
Complex digital system

Building Blocks
 AND, OR and NOT Gates

 NAND, NOR, XOR and XNOR Gates

 Integrated Circuits (Ics)

Logic Gate Symbol and ICs

Vcc

13

12

11

10

7400
GND
4

6
1

3
Different Number Systems
Different Number Systems
Base Name Usage
2 Binary Digital computing

3 Ternary Integer base

4 Quaternar Data transmission

y
5 Quinary Languages; common count grouping e.g. tally marks

6 Senary Proto-Uralic language

8 Octal compact notation for binary numbers

10 Decimal Most widely used by modern civilizations

Different Number Systems
duodecimal and those who were content with
11 Undecimal
decimal
gross counting; hours and months timekeeping;
12 Duodecima
years of Chinese zodiac foot and inch
l

13 Tridecimal Conway base 13 function

Tetradecim Programming for the HP/B calculator and image

14
al processing applications

Pentadecim
15 Telephony routing over IP
al

16 Hexadecim Base16 encoding; compact notation for binary data

al
20 Vigesimal Santali and Ainu languages
Different Number Systems
 There are many more numeral
systems
 Standard positional numeral system
s
 Non-standard positional numeral sy
stems
 Bijective numeration
 Signed-digit representation
 Negative bases
 Complex bases

Different Number System
There are four systems of arithmetic which are
often used in digital electronics.

 Decimal Number System

 Binary Number System
 Octal Number System
 Hexa Decimal System
 Why Use Different One?
 The conventional numbering system
uses ten digits: 0,1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8, and 9.
 The binary numbering system uses just

two digits: 0 and 1.

 Computers work only on two states

 On
 Off
 Basic memory elements hold only two
states
 Zero / One
Common Number System

Used by
System Base Symbols humans?
Decimal 10 0, 1, … 9 Yes
Binary 2 0, 1 No
Octal 8 0, 1, … 7 No
Hexa- 16 0, 1, … 9, No
decimal A, B, … F
Four Types of Number Systems

Use LCM or Division

Octal

Decimal Binary

Multiplication, Addition with

Base Power
Hexadecimal
Examples
Decimal Number System

 Ten unique numbers 0,1..9

 Combination of digits
 Positional Number System
 275 = 2 x 102 + 7 x 101 + 5 x 100
 Base or Radix 10
 Weight 1, 10, 100, 1000 ….
Representing Fractions

 Fractions can be represented in decimal

number system in a manner of natural
number
 = 382.91
= 3 x 102 + 8 x 101 + 2 x 100 + 9 x 10-1+
1 x 10-2
= 300 + 80 + 2 + 0.9 + 0.01
= (382.91)10
 Pulse Definitions

What is an ideal and non ideal pulse?

Actual pulses are not ideal but are described by the
rise time, fall time, amplitude, pulse width and other
characteristics.

Overshoot and ringing

 Periodic Pulse Waveforms

 Periodic pulse waveforms are composed of pulses

that repeats in a fixed interval called the period.
The frequency is the rate it repeats and is
measured in hertz.
1 1
f  T
T f

The clock is a basic timing signal that is an

example of a periodic wave.
Difference b/w periodic and nonperiodic wave form?
 Pulse Definitions

In addition to frequency and period, repetitive pulse waveforms

are described by the amplitude (A), pulse width (tW) and duty
cycle. Duty cycle is the ratio of tW to T.
Volts

Pulse
width
Amplitude (A) (tW)

Time
Period, T

Floyd, Digital Fundamentals, 10th ed © 2009 Pearson Education, Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458. All Rights Reserved
 Timing Diagrams

 A timing diagram is used to show the relationship

between two or more digital waveforms

Clock

 A diagram like this can be observed

directly on a logic analyzer.
 Serial and Parallel Data

Data can be transmitted by either serial transfer or parallel

transfer.
1 0 1 1 0 0 1 0
t0 t1 t2 t3 t4 t5 t6 t7
Computer Modem

1
Computer Printer
0

0
t0 t1

Floyd, Digital Fundamentals, 10th ed © 2009 Pearson Education, Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458. All Rights Reserved
 Basic Logic Functions

 Data can be transmitted by either serial transfer or

parallel transfer.
 Who used and created these symbols?
True only if all input
AND conditions are true.

OR True only if one or more

input conditions are true.

NOT Indicates the opposite

condition.
 Basic System Functions

 And, or, and not elements can be combined to

form various logic functions. A few examples are:
Comparator
A> B
A
 The comparison function Two
binary A= B Outputs
numbers
B
A< B

Adder
 Basic arithmetic functions A
Σ Sum
Two
binary
numbers
Cout Carry out
B
Carry in Cin
Questions
 What is Digital Systems?
 What is the Difference B/W Analog and
Digital Systems?
 What is Digital Circuits ?
 Advantages of Digital System as
compare to Analog Systems?
Thanks