PULSE MODULATION

Engr. Mansoor A. Soomro

Lecturer (EL- MUET)
 Pulse Modulation

Analog Pulse Modulation Digital Pulse Modulation

Pulse Amplitude (PAM) Pulse Code (PCM)

Pulse Width (PWM) Delta (DM)

Pulse Position (PPM)

Pulse Amplitude Modulation (PAM):

* The signal is sampled at regular intervals such that each sample
is proportional to the amplitude of the signal at that sampling
instant. This technique is called “sampling”.
* For minimum distortion, the sampling rate should be more than
twice the signal frequency.
 Pulse Amplitude Modulator
Analog AND PAM FM
Pulse Shaping PAM - FM
Signal Gate Network Modulator

Pulses at sampling frequency HF Carrier Oscillator

Analog Signal

Amplitude Modulated
Pulses
Pulse Width Modulation (PWM or PLM or PDM):
* In this type, the amplitude is maintained constant but the duration
or length or width of each pulse is varied in accordance with
instantaneous value of the analog signal.
* The negative side of the signal is brought to the positive side by
adding a fixed d.c. voltage.

Analog Signal

Width Modulated Pulses

Pulse Position Modulation (PPM):
* In this type, the sampled waveform has fixed amplitude and
width whereas the position of each pulse is varied as per
instantaneous value of the analog signal.

* PPM signal is further modification of a PWM signal. It has

positive thin pulses (zero time or width) corresponding to the
starting edge of a PWM pulse and negative thin pulses
corresponding to the ending edge of a pulse.

* This wave can be

further amended
PWM
by eliminating the
whole positive
narrow pulses.
PPM The remaining
pulse is called
clipped PPM.
PAM, PWM and PPM at a glance:

Analog Signal

Amplitude Modulated Pulses

Width Modulated Pulses

Position Modulated Pulses

 Pulse Code Modulation (PCM):
* Analog signal is converted into digital signal by using a digital
code.
* Analog to digital converter employs two techniques:

1. Sampling: The process of generating pulses of zero width

and of amplitude equal to the instantaneous amplitude of the
analog signal. The no. of pulses per second is called
“sampling rate”.

2. Quantization: The process of dividing the maximum value

of the analog signal into a fixed no. of levels in order to
convert the PAM into a Binary Code.
The levels obtained are called “quanization levels”.
Quantization range = 2 (no of A / D converter bits )
* A digital signal is described by its ‘bit rate’ whereas analog
signal is described by its ‘frequency range’.

* Bit rate = sampling rate x no. of bits / sample

 V Sampling,
o
l Quantization
t and Coding
a
g
e
Time
7 111
L 6 110 B
e 101 i C
5
v 4 100 n o
e 3 011 a d
l 2 010
r e
s 1 001 s
0 000 y
Time
V
o 010101110111110101010
l
t
a
g
e
Time
 Delta Modulation
Delta modulation (DM or Δ-modulation) is an analog-to-digital and digital-
to-analog signal conversion technique used for transmission of voice
information where quality is not of primary importance. DM is the simplest
form of differential pulse code modulation (DPCM) where the difference
between successive samples is encoded into n-bit data streams. In delta
modulation, the transmitted data is reduced to a 1-bit data stream.

Its main features are:

• The analog signal is approximated with a series of segments
• Each segment of the approximated signal is compared to the original analog
wave to determine the increase or decrease in relative amplitude
• The decision process for establishing the state of successive bits is determined
by this comparison
• Only the change of information is sent, that is, only an increase or decrease of
the signal amplitude from the previous sample is sent whereas a no-change
condition causes the modulated signal to remain at the same 0 or 1 state of the
previous sample.
• To achieve high signal to noise ratio, delta modulation must use over sampling
techniques, that is, the analog signal is sampled at a rate several times higher
than the nyquist rate.
Fig: Block diagram of delta modulator / demodulator
 Merits of Digital Communication:
1. Digital signals are very easy to receive. The receiver has to just detect
whether the pulse is low or high.
2. AM & FM signals become corrupted over much short distances as
compared to digital signals. In digital signals, the original signal can be
reproduced accurately.
3. The signals lose power as they travel, which is called attenuation. When
AM and FM signals are amplified, the noise also get amplified. But the
digital signals can be cleaned up to restore the quality and amplified by
the regenerators.
4. The noise may change the shape of the pulses but not the pattern of the
pulses.
5. AM and FM signals can be received by any one by suitable receiver. But
digital signals can be coded so that only the person, who is intended for,
can receive them.
6. AM and FM transmitters are ‘real time systems’. i.e. they can be received
only at the time of transmission. But digital signals can be stored at the
receiving end.
7. The digital signals can be stored, or used to produce a display on a
computer monitor or converted back into analog signal to drive a loud
speaker.
Any Questions