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Quoting, Paraphrasing

and Summarizing
(creating & using source cards
and note cards )

An Introduction
Before we begin...
Two different types of index cards will be discussed in this
PowerPoint: source cards and note cards.

APA Source Card (sample)


Jones, S. 1

(2001).

Darwin’s ghost: The origin of species updated.

New York, NY: Ballentine Books.

Book source with one author.


See OWL@Purdue and APA Style References entries.
Before we begin...
Two different types of index cards will be discussed in this
PowerPoint: source cards and note cards.

APA Note Card (sample)


II. Charles Darwin’s Life 1

“He [Charlie] was an inquisitive boy,”


Professor Johnston said.

Q 88
Source cards
– You will have FEWER source cards than
note cards.
– You will record all the information for an
entry on your References page on its
source card.
– You will have one source card for EACH
source you use to write your paper.
– You will NUMBER each source card as
you create the source card.
– Once you decide to use a source, create a
source card with all its source information .
Note cards
– You will have numerous note cards. (75-100
for this paper.) You will have MANY MORE
note cards than source cards. Each note card
will have a number of a corresponding source
card.
– On the note card, you will write the number of
its source card so that you know where the
information came from when you use it.
– The note card will contain a quotation (or
specific factual information like statistics), a
paraphrase, or a summary. Q, F, P, S
– The note card will NOT contain any source
information, only a source card number.
Before we begin...
Source cards (APA Style) Source
Card #
Chapter in a book with one author.
See OWL@Purdue and APA Style References entries.

5
Renard, A. This is a book title. No caps.
–see APA book title rules.
(2006).
Autism research.
The big book of childhood disorders.
New York, NY: McMillon.

Each source card MUST contain all the proper information


necessary to correctly complete its References entry in the
required APA Style. The number of the source card has NOTHING
to do with the order of the source’s References page entry.
References page entries will be listed alphabetically.
Before we begin...
Source cards (APA Style) Source
Card #
Edited book with one author.
See OWL@Purdue and APA Style References entries.

5
Plath, S. Even though it refers to journals, this is a
(2000). book title. No caps.-see book title rules.

The unabridged journals.


K.V. Kukil, (Ed.).
New York, NY: Anchor.

Each source card MUST contain all the proper information


necessary to correctly complete its References entry in the
required APA Style. The number of the source card has NOTHING
to do with the order of the source’s References page entry.
References page entries will be listed alphabetically.
Before we begin...
(APA Style) Source
Card #
Source cards

NOTE: Because online materials


can potentially change URLs, APA
recommends providing a Digital
Object Identifier (DOI), when it is
available, as opposed to the URL.

Each source card MUST contain all the proper information


necessary to correctly complete its References entry in the
required APA Style. The number of the source card has NOTHING
to do with the order of the source’s References page entry.
References page entries will be listed alphabetically.
Before we begin...
(APA Style)
OWL@Purdue References information
Basic Rules
All lines after the first line of each entry in your reference list should be indented one-half inch from the left
margin. This is called hanging indentation.

Authors' names are inverted (last name first); give the last name and initials for all authors of a particular
work for up to and including seven authors. If the work has more than seven authors, list the first six
authors and then use ellipses after the sixth author's name. After the ellipses, list the last author's name of
the work.

Reference list entries should be alphabetized by the last name of the first author of each work.
If you have more than one article by the same author, single-author references or multiple-author
references with the exact same authors in the exact same order are listed in order by the year of
publication, starting with the earliest.

Capitalize all major words in journal titles.

When referring to books, chapters, articles, or Web pages, capitalize only the first letter of the first word of
a title and subtitle, the first word after a colon or a dash in the title, and proper nouns. Do not capitalize the
first letter of the second word in a hyphenated compound word.

Italicize titles of longer works such as books and journals.

Do not italicize, underline, or put quotes around the titles of shorter works such as journal articles or
essays in edited collections.
Before we begin...
Source cards (APA Style) Source
Card #
Article in an online periodical with two authors and doi. .
See OWL@Purdue and APA Style References entries.

5
Author, A. A., & Author, B. B.
(Date of publication).
Title of article.
Title of Journal, volume number, page range.
doi:0000000/000000000000

Each source card MUST contain all the proper information


necessary to correctly complete its References entry in the
required APA Style. The number of the source card has NOTHING
to do with the order of the source’s References page entry.
References page entries will be listed alphabetically.
Before we begin...
Source cards (APA Style) Source
Card #
Article in an online periodical with two authors and doi. .
See OWL@Purdue and APA Style References entries.

5
Brownlie, D.
(2007).
Toward effective poster presentations: An
annotated bibliography.
European Journal of Marketing, 41(11/12),
1245-1283.
doi:10.1108/03090560710821161

Capitalize all major words in journal titles. Capitalize all major words
in journal titles. http://owl.english.purdue.edu/owl/resource/560/05/
Before we begin...
Source cards
(APA Style) Source
Card #
Article in an online periodical with two authors and NO doi. .
See OWL@Purdue and APA Style References entries.

Kenneth, I. A. 3
(2000).
A Buddhist response to the nature of human
rights.
Journal of Buddhist Ethics, 8.
Retrieved from http://www.cac.psu.edu/jbe/twocont.html

http://owl.english.purdue.edu/owl/resource/560/05/
Before we begin...
(APA Style) Source
Card #
Note cards

IV. Symptoms of Autism 2

“Research at Emory University found that 29 percent of


autistic children over age thirteen did not present any
distinct symptoms of Autism until they were five years
old.” ~ Dr. Alex Renard,
Professor of Research in Childhood Disorders,
Emory University
Page #
Quotation 79

To keep a count of the number of note cards you have, number them on the back.
This count has NOTHING to do with the order you use the information in your paper.
Before we begin...
(APA Style)
BACK of Note cards

Andrew Bellington
English 2 Period 2
1

To keep a count of the number of note cards you have, number them on the back.
This count has NOTHING to do with the order you use the information in your paper.
You will have 75-100 NOTE CARDS for this paper.
What’s the difference between quoting,
paraphrasing, and summarizing?
Quotations must be identical to the original. They must
match the source document word for word and must be
attributed to the original author.
Paraphrasing involves putting a passage from source
material into your own words. A paraphrase must also be
attributed to the original source. Paraphrased material is
usually only a bit shorter than the original passage, taking
a somewhat broader segment of the source and
condensing it slightly.
Summarizing involves putting the main idea(s) into your
own words, including only the main point(s). Once again,
it is necessary to attribute summarized ideas to the original
source. Summaries are significantly shorter than the
original and take a broad overview of the source material.
Why should I use quoting,
paraphrasing, and summarizing?

provide support for claims or add credibility to your


writing
refer to work that leads up to the work you are now doing
give examples of several points of view on a subject
call attention to a position that you wish to agree or
disagree with
highlight a particularly striking phrase, sentence, or
passage by quoting the original
distance yourself from the original by quoting it in order
to cue readers that the words are not your own
expand the breadth or depth of your writing
How do I start?
Read the entire text, noting the key points
and main ideas.
Summarize in your own words what the
single main idea of the essay is.
Paraphrase important supporting points
that come up in the essay.
Consider any words, phrases, or brief
passages that you believe should be
quoted directly
Paraphrasing
A paraphrase is...
your own rendition of essential information and
ideas expressed by someone else, presented in
a new form.
one legitimate way (when accompanied by
accurate documentation) to borrow from a
source.
a more detailed restatement than a summary,
which focuses concisely on a single main idea.
Paraphrasing
Paraphrasing is a valuable skill
because...
it is better than quoting information from
an undistinguished passage.
it helps you control the temptation to quote
too much.
the mental process required for successful
paraphrasing helps you to grasp the full
meaning of the original.
Paraphrasing
6 Steps to Effective Paraphrasing
1. Highlight important concepts and reread the original passage until
you understand its full meaning.
2. Set the original aside, and write your paraphrase on a note card.
3. Jot down a few words below your paraphrase to remind you later
how you envision using this material. At the top of the note card, write
a key word or phrase to indicate the subject of your paraphrase. (This
could be a section of your outline.)
4. Check your rendition with the original to make sure that your
version accurately expresses all the essential information in a new
form. DO NOT simply change some words or the order of information.
Paraphrasing requires synthesis.
5. Use quotation marks to identify any unique term or phraseology
you have borrowed exactly from the source.
6. Record the source card number on your note card so that you
can credit it easily if you decide to incorporate the material into your
paper. Always include the source card number on your note card.
Summarizing
A summary is much shorter than the
original text. It should communicate the
main idea of the text and the main
supporting points – written “in your own
words” – in a very brief form. It should
give someone who has not read the
original a clear and accurate overview of
the text.
Summarizing
To summarize
Record the References page information (the author, title, year of
publication and source of the text) on the source card for this source.
Skim the text. Note any sub-headings, or try to divide the text into
sections.
Read the text carefully and highlight. Use a dictionary if necessary,
and be prepared to read very difficult texts more than once.
Pay special attention to the first and last paragraphs. Try to identify
the main idea or argument.
Identify the topic sentence in each paragraph.
Identify the main support for the topic sentence.
Write the topic sentence of your summary and / or the author’s main
idea or argument on the note card. Record the corresponding source
card number on your note card. Be sure to record the author’s name,
the title of the text, the year of publication and any other information
necessary to create the source’s References page entry on the source
card.
What’s plagiarism?
Plagiarism is using others’ ideas and words without
clearly acknowledging the source of that information.

– To avoid plagiarism, you must give credit whenever you use:


another person’s idea, opinion, or theory;
any facts, statistics, graphs, drawings—any pieces of
information—that are not common knowledge;
quotations of another person’s actual spoken or written
words; or
paraphrase of another person’s spoken or written words.
Good or Bad?
Here’s the ORIGINAL text, from page 1 of Lizzie Borden: A Case Book of
Family and Crime in the 1890s by Joyce Williams et al.:
The rise of industry, the growth of cities, and the expansion of the
population were the three great developments of late nineteenth century
American history. As new, larger, steam-powered factories became a
feature of the American landscape in the East, they transformed farm
hands into industrial laborers, and provided jobs for a rising tide of
immigrants. With industry came urbanization the growth of large cities
(like Fall River, Massachusetts, where the Bordens lived) which became
the centers of production as well as of commerce and trade.
Here’s an UNACCEPTABLE paraphrase that is plagiarism:
The increase of industry, the growth of cities, and the explosion of the
population were three large factors of nineteenth century America. As
steam-driven companies became more visible in the eastern part of the
country, they changed farm hands into factory workers and provided
jobs for the large wave of immigrants. With industry came the growth of
large cities like Fall River where the Bordens lived which turned into
centers of commerce and trade as well as production.
Can you explain why it is plagiarism?
WHY????
The preceding passage is considered plagiarism for two
reasons:
the writer has only changed around a few words and
phrases, or changed the order of the original’s
sentences.
the writer has failed to cite a source for any of the ideas
or facts.
If you do either or both of these things, you are
plagiarizing.
NOTE: This paragraph is also problematic because it
changes the sense of several sentences (for example,
"steam-driven companies" in sentence two misses the
original’s emphasis on factories).
Good or Bad?
Here’s the ORIGINAL text, from page 1 of Lizzie Borden: A Case Book of
Family and Crime in the 1890s by Joyce Williams et al.:
The rise of industry, the growth of cities, and the expansion of the population
were the three great developments of late nineteenth century American history.
As new, larger, steam-powered factories became a feature of the American
landscape in the East, they transformed farm hands into industrial laborers, and
provided jobs for a rising tide of immigrants. With industry came urbanization
the growth of large cities (like Fall River, Massachusetts, where the Bordens
lived) which became the centers of production as well as of commerce and
trade
Here’s an ACCEPTABLE paraphrase:
Fall River, where the Borden family lived, was typical of northeastern
industrial cities of the nineteenth century. Steam-powered production had
shifted labor from agriculture to manufacturing, and as immigrants
arrived in the US, they found work in these new factories. As a result,
populations grew, and large urban areas arose. Fall River was one of
these manufacturing and commercial centers (Williams 1).
Can you explain why it is acceptable?
WHY????
This is acceptable paraphrasing because
the writer:
accurately relays the information in the
original uses her own words.
lets the reader know the source of his/her
information.
How often do I need to cite?
More specific information (statistics / exact info) or
quotations must be cited immediately after the information is
given.
A paragraph or two of general paraphrased information can
be cited at the end of the paragraph(s) if the information is
all from one source. Because the information of a
paraphrase may be larger and less specific, the source
citation may be put off a bit longer. BUT—if two or more
sources are used in a paragraph or section, be sure to cite
each source…and cite the first source BEFORE providing
any information from a second source so as not to confuse
the sources of information.
Questions??

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