Azlan (Bridge Substructure Piers) 07-08

Bridge Substructure
Piers
MAB1053 Bridge Engineering

Faculty of Civil Engineering, UTM
1 azlanfka/utm05/mab1053
Bridge Piers
 Intermediate supports for bridge decks can
be grouped into columns or leaf piers.
 A leaf pier is the term used to describe a
reinforced wall with the largest lateral
dimension more than 4 times the least
lateral dimension.
 Individual columns may be used with
separate bases and direct contact with the
bridge deck.
 Alternatively, columns may be grouped
together to form transverse portal frames
with a capping beam and a common footing.
Types of Piers
Single Leg Pier Multi Column Pier

Types of Piers
Solid Pier Leaf Pier

Types of Piers
Portal Pier
Types of Piers
4-legged pier on
V-Pier spherical bearing
Articulations
 The connection between the columns and the deck determines
the type of loading to be carried by the columns. Similarly, the
structural connection between the column and the footing also
controls the degree of axial loading and the bending effects.
 Columns are normally positioned with the weak axis for bending
perpendicular to the longitudinal axis of the bridge. Transverse
forces due to wind, impact, braking, shrinkage and temperature
effects need to be considered.
 On wide bridges, the effects of shrinkage and temperature will
play significant part in the design of bearings and columns.
Biaxial bending will be produced in such situations and design
must recognize this behaviour.
 Skew bridges are frequently provided with circular or hexagonal
columns to allow the biaxial bending effects to be simply treated.
Slenderness
 Where the effective height to thickness ratio is limited to 12 to 15,

then the effects of slenderness are relatively small. This ratio will
normally be obtained for two-level structures, but may be
exceeded for three-level structures and bridges crossing a deep-
sided valley.
 When tall columns are necessary they are flexible, so that
movements at deck level can be accommodated with type 4 or 5.
This does not present a great problem since the effective height
will then be less than the actual height and buckling effects will
be small.
 The assessment of the effective height of a column is
fundamental to the design of a section.
 The slenderness ratio is calculated by dividing the effective
height by the thickness of the column or pier. In the case of
tapered piers, it is conservative to take the average thickness.
Types and Choice of Piers
 Solid pier – recommended for river bridges; less exposed area to
deterioration. For pier in river, edges are rounded to minimize flow
resistance.
 Multiple columns – more exposed areas prone to deterioration
 Pile bents – very commonly used in 1950s because of its
economical design. Not recommended for river bridges especially
if the current condition is bad. Pile bent tolerance is specified in
the code similar to piling requirements.
 Cantilever pier – the use of cantilever will increase the span.
Although the bending moment is smaller, the construction is more
difficult.
 Voided box – can be used in river bridges but the construction is
tedious and formwork is complicated.
Choice of Piers
 Wherever possible slender piers should be used so that there is

sufficient flexibility to allow temperature, shrinkage and creep effects
to be transmitted to the abutments without the need for bearings at
the piers, or intermediate joints in the deck.
 A slender bridge deck will usually look best when supported by
slender piers without the need for a downstand crosshead beam. It is
the proportions and form of the bridge as a whole which are vitally
important rather than the size of an individual element viewed in
isolation.
Design Considerations
Loads transmitted by the bridge deck onto the

pier are :
 Vertical loads from self weight of deck
 Vertical loads from live loading conditions
 Horizontal loads from temperature, creep

movements etc and wind
 Rotations due to deflection of the bridge
deck.
 The overall configuration of the bridge will determine the
combination of loads and movements that have to be designed
for e.g. if the pier has a bearing at its top, corresponding to a
structural pin joint, then the horizontal movements will impose
moments at the base, their magnitude will depend on the pier
flexibility.
 Sometimes special requirements are imposed by rail or river

authorities if piers are positioned within their jurisdiction. In the
case of river authorities a 'cut water' may be required to assist the
river flow, or independent fenders to protect the pier from impact
from boats or floating debris.
 A similar arrangement is often required by the rail authorities to
prevent minor derailments striking the pier. Whereas the pier has
to be designed to resist major derailments. Also if the pier should
be completely demolished by a train derailment then the deck
should not collapse.
Pier Design
Forces Acting on a Pier
 Dead load due to  Seismic loading
superstructure  Buoyancy – not very
 Live load on critical, buoyancy tends
superstructure to reduce vertical load
 Water current and debris
 Self-weight of pier (Total force = stream
 Traction force current + debris)
 Temperature  Wave action
variation  Collision and Impact
 Creep and shrinkage forces
 Wind loading
Collision & impact force specified by authority as maximum force to be
absorbed. Protection against collision is required and various designs
include fenders or man-made island.
Stream and Debris Force
Effect of stream current = KV2

Where,
P = pressure (lb/ft2)
V = velocity of stream flow (ft/s)
K = constant
(K = 4/3 for square end; 2/3 for circular end)
 Effect of debris is calculated as above but
with K=1.
Analysis of Load Cases
Load Case 1
Load Case 2
Load Case 3
Design Standards for Piers
British Standards
 BS 5400: Part 2: Specification for Loads
 BS 5400: Part 4: Code of Practice for the
Design of Concrete Bridges
Design Manuals
 BD37: Loads for Highway Bridges
 BA41: The Design and Appearance of
Bridges
 BA42: The Design of Integral Bridges
 BD57 and BA57: Design for Durability
Bridge Foundations
Types of Foundations
 Spread/strip foundation – where load of
the bridge is transmitted directly to the
ground through the base of the substructure
 Piled foundation – where the structural
members of the piles are utilised to transmit
the loads from the bridge to firmer soil strata
underneath.
 Combination of both (piers being piled with
abutments on strip footing)
 Assume rough shape of foundation

 Determine applied load and bending
moment
 From SI, estimate allowable bearing
capacity at various soil strata
 Decide foundation depth and determine
tentative dimensions
 Check overall stability of foundations
 Estimate total & differential settlement
Spread Foundations/Strip Footing
 The overall size of strip footings is determined by considering the

effects of vertical and rotational loads. The combination of these
two must neither exceed the safe bearing capacity of the stratum
or produce uplift.
 The thickness of the footings is generally about 0.8 to 1.0 m but
must be capable of withstanding moments and shears produced
by piers or abutments.
 The critical shearing stress may be assumed to occur on a plane

at a distance equal to the effective depth of the base from the face
of the column.
 Cover to reinforcement should never be less than values given in

BS 5400: Part 4: Table 13, and crack control calculation must be
carried out to ensure the crack width is less than 0.25mm
Category of Piles
Soft layer
becoming Skin
stiff with friction
depth
End Bearing Pile Frictional Pile

Piles that derive most of their carrying Piles that derive most of their carrying
capacity from the resistance of the capacity by skin friction or adhesion between
stratum at the toe the surface of the piles with the soil
Geology of
Malaysian
Peninsular
Types of Piles commonly used
in Malaysia
 Timber piles / bakau

 Precast RC piles
 Prestressed concrete piles
 Steel piles : H-bearing & Cylindrical piles
 Bored piles
 Micropiles
Pile
Capacities
Pile
Selection
Aspects of Design Which
Influence Choice of Pile Type
 Piled foundations must satisfy 2 criteria : No

shear failure in the soil & No excessive
settlement
 The working load of an individual pile is
based on providing an adequate factor of
safety against the soil under the toe failing
in shear and the adhesion between the
shaft and the soil surrounding it passing its
ultimate value and the whole pile sinking.
Assessing Pile Settlement
 Through soil parameters (i.e. assuming

shaft friction and bearing capacity)
 By means of test piles
 By means of dynamic formulae (e.g Hiley
formulae which equates energy required to
drive the pile with its ultimate bearing
capacity)
 Piling contractors ‘know-how’
Factor of Safety
Required to safeguard against :

 Natural variations in strength and
compressibility of the soil
 Uncertainties in the accuracy and reliability
of calculations
 Local deterioration of the soil during or after
construction
 Excessive total and differential settlement
Design of Pile Cap
Minimum spacing between piles is generally

as follows:
 For frictional piles:
minimum spacing S > perimeter of pile or 3
x diameter
 For end-bearing piles:
minimum spacing S > 2 x the least width of
pile
Working Loads on Pile
Working Loads on Pile
Group
Design assumptions:
 Pile cap is perfectly
rigid
 Pile heads are hinged
Fixed but to the pile cap

assumed  Piles are equivalent to
‘hinged’ in
analysis
short and elastic
columns
Working Load of Pile Group
Qw = Q/n ± My.X ± Mx.Y

Σ(X2) Σ(Y2)
Where,
Qw = working load on any given pile
Q = total vertical load acting at centroid of pile
group
n = number of pile in a group
Mx, My = moments w.r.t X and Y axes
X, Y = distances from Y and X axes
Design Standards for Footings
and Foundations
British Standards
 BS 5400: Part 2: Specification for Loads
Design of Steel Bridges
Design of Concrete Bridges
 BS 8002: Earth Retaining Structures
 BS 8004: Foundations
Design Standards for Footings
and Foundations
Design Manuals
 BD10: Design of Highway Structures in
Areas of Mining Subsidence
 BA25: Piled Foundations
 BD32: Piled Foundations
 BD37: Loads for Highway Bridges
 BD42: Design of Embedded Retaining
Walls and Bridge Abutments
 BD74: Foundations

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Bridge Substructure

MAB1053 Bridge Engineering

Single Leg Pier Multi Column Pier

Solid Pier Leaf Pier

 Where the effective height to thickness ratio is limited to 12 to 15,

 Wherever possible slender piers should be used so that there is

Loads transmitted by the bridge deck onto the

 Vertical loads from live loading conditions

 Horizontal loads from temperature, creep

 Sometimes special requirements are imposed by rail or river

Effect of stream current = KV2

 Assume rough shape of foundation

 The overall size of strip footings is determined by considering the

 The critical shearing stress may be assumed to occur on a plane

 Cover to reinforcement should never be less than values given in

End Bearing Pile Frictional Pile

 Timber piles / bakau

 Prestressed concrete piles

 Steel piles : H-bearing & Cylindrical piles

 Piled foundations must satisfy 2 criteria : No

 Through soil parameters (i.e. assuming

Required to safeguard against :

Minimum spacing between piles is generally

Fixed but to the pile cap

Qw = Q/n ± My.X ± Mx.Y

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