ANIMAL SCIENCE

AGNES MARTINEZ CALIZA

Dept. of Animal Science, College of Agriculture
Mindanao State University, General Santos City
Animal Science is the art, science and industry
of breeding, feeding, care, management,
marketing and processing of animals and their
products for the purpose of obtaining profit
from the enterprise
1. As an Art
• Art means the selection of animals largely on
the basis of beauty and good looks in addition
to production performance.
• Beauty may be defined as the harmonious
proportion of the various parts of the animals
so that they present an over-all pleasing sight
to the beholder.
2. As a Science
• Science is a well-ordered and systematic body
of knowledge.
• The procedure in deriving this body of
knowledge is referred to as the scientific
method.
• Experimentation is the process through which
data are gathered to determine efficiency of
production of farm animals and as bases of
selecting the desirable animals for breeding.
3. As an Industry

• It is this aspect that combines art and science

to make animal production a profitable
activity.
“Be fertile and multiply, fill the earth and subdue it. Have
dominion over the fish of the sea, the birds of the air and over all
the living things that move on earth. See, I give you every seed
bearing plant all over the earth and every tree that has seed
bearing fruit on it to be your food, and to all the animals of the
land, all the birds of the air and all the living creatures that crawl
on the ground, I give all the green plants for food.”
 Inter-relationships of the Components of an Ecosystem
Solar Energy
Water
Photosynthesizing
Atmospheric Plants Gaseous Products to
Nitrogen (PRODUCERS) Atmosphere
Fixed N2 Soil Nutrients
N2-Fixing Decay Humus
Bacteria Organism
Dead Animals Leached Nutrients
Respired Gases to (CONSUMERS) to Soil
Atmosphere Herbivores Excreta
Carnivores
Omnivores
Crops and animals together with the human population and the
natural endowments of the country are the wealth of a nation.
However, many hold on to the saying that “ a nation poor in
livestock is never rich while the nation rich in livestock is never
poor.”

Against any other form of agricultural production activities animal

production ranks high because:
a) It is a form of progressive agriculture
b) It is the best type of diversified farming
c) Converts plant materials into valuable products
d) Sources of good food for the family
e. Utilization of products of factories
f. Animals improve soil fertility
g. Animal production leads to the utilization of idle or non-arable
lands.
h. Animal production leads to the utilization of land where labor is
scarce.
i. Animal production has a good distribution of labor
j. Animal production makes good use of farm waste
k. Animal production reduces living expenses
l. Animal products have chemical composition that closely
resemble man’s dietary requirement and therefore more
digestible and nutritious.
While food is the most important contribution of animals to
human welfare, animals have been domesticated by man also to
provide him with skins and hairs for clothing and shelter , animal
power for transport and fraction and beauty, grace, subservient
temperament for man’s amusement, and companion. Certain
animal products are also used as glue from horns, fertilizers ,
feeds from bones and offals, insulated clothing from feathers etc.
 Disadvantages of Animal Production
• Big capital is necessary to start the animal
project.
• Animal products are perishable
• Diseases cause big losses
• Feed problems
• Marketing problems
• Transportation problem
• Prices of animals always lag behind those of
feeds
 Animal production are extremely under wide range of
environment such as the physical and chemical conditions (climate,
soil, water resources, pollution) biological (food, diseases, pest) and
human factor (cultural conditions social structure & economic
system). Thus there are different types of managing animals.
 Intensive management – environmental conditions are highly
controlled (integrated enterprise, confined operation, commercial
scale operation). Environmental conditions are changed to fit the
animals
 Extensive management – less producer control over the
environmental conditions. Animals are changed to fit the
environment.
Management decisions can then be made to determine whether
changing the environment or adaptability of animals is more
economical.
 FARM ANIMALS and their USES
Species Scientific Name Uses
Cattle Bos taurus Meat, milk, hide, traction transport
Bos indicus Meat, milk, hide, traction transport
Buffalo Bubalus bubalis Meat, milk, traction, transport
Carabao Bubalus bubalis carabanesis Meat, milk, traction, transport
Goat Capra hircus Meat & milk
Sheep Ovis aries Meat, milk & wool
Pig Sus scrofa Meat
Rabbit Oryctolagus cuniculus Meat & skin
Horse Equius caballos Traction, transport & amusement
Ass Equus asinus Traction & transport
Mule (male ass & mare) Traction & transport
Camel Camelus dromedaries Transport
Chicken Gallus domesticus Meat, eggs & amusement
Duck (mallard) Anas platyrhynchos Meat & eggs
(muscovy) Cairina moschata Meat & eggs
Goose Anser anser Meat & eggs
Turkey Meleagris gallopavo Meat & eggs
Quail Coturnix coturnix Meat & eggs
(Japanese quail) Coturnix japonica Meat & eggs
Pigeon Columbia livia Meat & amusement
Guinea fowl Numida meleagris Meat
Ostrich Strauthus camilos Meat, eggs & amusement
Pea fowl Pavo cristatus Amusement
Pheasants Phasianus colchicus Meat & amusement
 THE PHILIPPINE ANIMAL INDUSTRY
Feedstuff Breeding Stock Importation
Importation Feed millers
------------
Breeder
Vet. Drugs & farms
Vet drugs Middlemen
Chem. & other
Importation input
------------ suppliers Production
farms
Processors
Equipment
Livestock
Importation equipment
--------- suppliers
Market
COMMON TERMS APPLIED TO FARM ANIMALS & OTHER INFORMATION

Species Cattle Buffalo Sheep Goats Swine Poultry Horse

name

Groups of Herd Herd Flock Flock Drove Flock Herd

animals Band Stock
Herd
Adult male Bull Carabull Ram Buck Boar Rooster Studhorse
Tup Cock Stallion
Adult Cow Caracow Ewe Doe Sow Hen Mare
female
Young Bull calf Carabull Ram lamb Buckling Boarling Cockerel Colt
male calf Tup lamb
Young Heifer calf Caraheifer Ewe lamb Doeling Gilt Pullet Filly
female
Newborn Calf Caracalf Kid lamb Kid Piglet Chick Foal
regardless of Shote
sex
Species Cattle Buffalo Sheep Goats Swine Poultry Horse
name

Castrated Steer Cara steer Whether Whether Barrow Capon Gelding

male Bullock Bullock
Meat Beef Carabeef Mutton Chevon Pork Poultry Horse
Breeding Serving Serving Tupping Serving Coupling Copulating Covering
Parturition Calving Calving Lambing Kidding Farrowing Hatching Foaling

Offspring Calf at Calf at foot Suckling Suckling Suckling Clutch

with foot Brood
mother
Age at 8 - 10 24 - 36 5–7 7 – 10 4–7 4–6 15 – 24
puberty of
female
(months)
Species Cattle Buffalo Sheep Goats Swine Poultry Horse
name

Estrous 21 21 16 20 20 22
cycle
(days)
Estrus 12-18 18-24 24-36 34-38 48-72 4-8 days
length hours hours hours hours hours
Mammary 4 4 2 2 4 – 9 pairs 2
glands
Time of 10-15 3-4th day Late Late Mid – 30 minutes 1-2 days
ovulation hours after of estrus estrus estrus 18- estrus 30 after laying before
end of 26 hours hours after estrus
heat after start start of
of heat estrus
Offspring 1 1 1-2 2 8-10 1
per
parturition
 Age at 10-12 4-6 4-6 4-8 13-18
puberty
Speciesof Cattle Buffalo Sheep Goats Swine Poultry Horse
male
name
(months)
Volume 5-7 0.75 -1.5 1 200-300 75-150
ejaculate
(cc)
Offspring 1 1 1-2 2 8-10 1
per
parturition
Sperm /cc 1.2 billion 2.0 billion 2.0 billion 100-200 150
million million
Normal 37-41 38-39 38-40 38-40 38.5-39.5 40-42 37.5-38.5
temperature
(C)
 Species Cattle Buffalo Sheep Goats Swine Poultry Horse
name

Normal 60-70 56-60 70-80 70-80 60-80 130-160 32-44

Heart
Rate/min
Female to 25-40 35-60 30-50 25-50 10-15 20-30
male ratio at
normal
breeding
Normal 18-28 24-29 12-24 12-20 15-24 14-26 8-16
Respiration
Rate/min
Expected 10 20 6-8 6 - 10 6-8 20 - 25
productive
life (y)
CATTLE

• Predominantly backyard type (91% backyard

vs. 9% commercial)
• Majority of cattle population is concentrated
in Luzon (Pangasinan, Ilocos Norte, Isabela,
Batangas)
• More of beef type and few dairy type
• Population increase is at low rate (4.2%
annually)
External Anatomy of Cattle

a) Head – muzzle, mouth, nostril, face, jaw, eye, forehead, poll

b) Neck area – neck, dewlap, crest, shoulder vein
c) Shoulder area – point of shoulder, top of shoulder, shoulder
d) Front limbs – elbow, arm, knee, shank, foot, dew claw
e) Abdominal area – ribs, belly rear flank, penis
f) Hind limbs – cod, hock, foot
g) Dorsal area – back, crops, loin, hip or hook, rump, tail head
h) Posterior area – tail, switch, twist, female genitalia
CARABAO

• Raised in backyard farms (99.8% vs. 0.2%

commercial)
• Top producing regions are Cagayan Valley,
Southern Tagalog, Bicol and Western Visayas
CHICKEN

• The major chicken producing regions are

Southern Luzon, Central Luzon, Western
Visayas, Central Visayas, Northern Mindanao
and Southern Mindanao (65%)
• Southern Tagalog – the top broiler producing
region (about 30% of total)
• Central Luzon, Southern Luzon, Central Visayas
and Southern Mindanao – top layer –
producing region (82% of total)
External Anatomy
Chicken a)Head – ear, ear lobes, eyes, wattles, beak, comb, hackle
b)Dorsal area – back, saddle, cape, wing bow & bar, flight
feathers
c)Ventral, lateral & front area – breast, body, fluff, thigh
hock, shank, spur, claw
d)Posterior area - sickles, tail, saddle feathers and vent
DUCKS

• 79% are raised in backyard farms and 21% are

in commercial farms
• Concentrated in Central Luzon, Cagayan Valley
and Western Visayas
 Space Requirements of Broiler and Egg – type
Chickens at Different Stages Of Growth and
Production
AGE Floor area sq. M./ 100 Age Broiler Egg - Type
(Weeks) birds (Weeks)
Broiler Egg type Feeder Waterer Feeder Waterer
Cm/bird cm/bird Cm/bird cm/bird

0–3 3.0 2.8 0–2 2.5 0.5 cm or 0.5 cm or

1 gallon 1 gallon
waterer/ waterer/
100 chicks 100 chicks
3–8 4.7 4,7 2-6 4.5 1.0 4.5 1.0
8 – 12 7.0 – 9.0 9.3 6-8 7.5 2 7.5 2
12 – 20 - 13.9 8 - 20 - - 7.5 2
20 above - - 8 2.5
 Cage Dimension for Layers
Dimension Number of Layers
0.30x46 2–3
0.60x90 8 – 10
SWINE/HOGS/PIGS

• 79% are raised in backyard farms (20 sow

level) and 21% are raised in commercial farms
• Population growth is continuously increasing
with its highest growth of 8.5% annually
• Swine production has consistently been a
major contributor to the total livestock
output.
Pig

a) Head and neck area – snout, face, eye, ear, cheek, jowl, neck
b) Back – back, loin, rump, tail, female genitalia, anus
c) Shoulder
d) Leg area – foreleg, dew claw, pastern, toes, hind legs
e) Lateral & abdominal area – side, belly, teat, fore flank,
rear flank, male genitalia
GOAT

• 99.6% are raised in backyard and 0.4% in

commercial farms
• There is increasing demand for chevon and
other goat products
• Concentrated in Central Visayas, Southern
Mindanao, and Ilocos regions
• Goat ppoulation steadily increases
Goat & Sheep

a) Head & neck area – mouth, nostril, face, forehead, eye, ear,
neck
b) Lateral & abdominal area – hind flank, ribs, belly, fore flank,
thigh
c) Shoulder or thoracic area – top of shoulder, shoulder, breast
d) Dorsal area – back, loin, hip, rump
e) Leg area – foreleg, hind leg, dew claw, foot
f) Tail area - dock
Internal Anatomy of Farm Animals
a) Thoracic cavity – lungs and heart
b) Abdominal cavity – stomach, small intestine, liver, gall
bladder, spleen, pancreas, large intestine, kidneys
c) Pelvic cavity – female reproductive organ
 System Name of Study Chief Structure
Skeletal system Osteology Bones

Articular system Arthrology Joints

Muscular system Mycology Muscles

Digestive system Splanchnology Stomach & intestine

Respiratory system Splanchnology Lungs & air passage

Urinary system Splanchnology Kidneys & bladder

Reproductive system Splanchnology Ovaries & testes

Endocrine system Endocrinology Ductless gland

Nervous system Neurology Brain, spinal cord, nerves

Circulatory system Angiology Heart, vessels

Integumentary system Dermatology Skin

Sensory system Esthesiology Eye, ear

 Vertebrate animals may be classified into 2 groups based on
their ability to regulate their body temperature w/ respect to
the environment:
1. Homeotherms or warm blooded animals – whose body
temperature is largely independent of the environment
2. Poikilotherms or cold bloodied animals – whose body
temperature varies directly w/ that of the environment
Homeotherms attain body temperature constancy by:
1. Chemical regulation
a) Altering the metabolic rate by adjusting the production of
certain hormones thyroxin and/or epinephrine
b) Shivering and changing muscle tension
2. Physical devices and activities
a) Sweating with evaporation of water from the skin
b) Changing the rate of breathing to alter vaporization from the
lungs
c) Altering the volume of blood flowing to the body surface by
vasodilation or vasoconstriction
d) Changing the amount of internal or external thermal insulation
such as fat, feathers, fur, hair, clothing
e) Changing the free body surface area by lying down and
huddling when cold or standing in a stretch position when it is
hot
f) Locating more favorable environment such as sunshine, shade,
dry or wet areas, shelter from winds, etc.
Process of Heat Dissipation
1. Conduction – involves direct contact of the animal with the
part of its environment
2. Convection – Heat is transferred to or from the animal by the
movement of heated air particles. It is the process by which
actual mass motion of heated gas or liquid transfers heat
from one place to another.
3. Radiation – involves the transfer of heat by means of
electromagnetic waves travelling at the speed of 186,000
miles per second
4. Vaporization – though not strictly a homeothermic reaction,
this is the most important process by which the animal losses
heat from the skin and respiratory surfaces to maintain a
constant body temperature.
HOUSING

• The 1st requirement is to protect the animals

from direct sunlight thus, the long axis of the
building must be laid in an east – west
direction. Air temperature, air velocity, floor
insulation, infrared radiation and relative
humidity determine the thermal environment
around the animal
• To offset the ill effects of high temperature a
cooling system may be provided. Blower fans
with flexible ducts to achieve better air
distribution may be installed.
• Another approach is to install a sprinkle-nozzle
system either on the roof or inside the
building
PIGS
• Housing system and facilities depend on the size and
extent of operation
– Small scale – use all purpose housing that
combine several farm operations into 1 building
– Medium and commercial farms adopt the “life
cycle” housing system. This system is designed to
provide the animal with proper space and comfort
during each phase of its life cycle. It reduces
space requirements, maximizes labor efficiency,
and helps in controlling diseases
• Life cycle housing includes:
– Pregestation and boar
– Gestation
– Farrowing and nursery
– Growing - fattening
 Space Requirements of Buildings and Equipment for
Swine
Age and size of Pen size / Height of Height of Feeder Partition
Animal Dimension Ceiling (m) Door (m) Space (cm) Wall (m)
(m2)

Before Farrowing
Gilts 2 3 1 35 – 45 1.2

Sow 2.7 3 1 45 – 50 1.2 – 1.5

After Forrowing
Young Sows
Solid Floor 4.12 3 1 34 – 45 1.2
3 3 1 45 – 50 1.2
Slatted Floor
Mature Sows
Solid Floor 5.62 3 1 45 – 50 1.2
Slatted Floor 3.96 3 1 45 - 50 1.2

Boar Pen w/
Matting Area 6 3 1 40 - 50 1.2 – 1.5
 Space Requirements of Buildings and
Equipment for Swine
Age and size Pen size / Height of Height of Feeder Partition
of Animal Dimension Ceiling (m) Door (m) Space (cm) Wall (m)
(m2)

Weaning Pen
Solid Floor 0.40 3 0.6 20 0.75
Slatted Floor 0.2 – 0.3 3 0.6 20 0.75
Growing
/Finishing
23 60 kg 0.6 – 0.7 3 1 25 1
60 – 90 kg 0.9 – 1` 3 1 27 - 30 1
 Farm animals can also be classified according to the type of
gastrointestinal tract (GI tracts):
1. Non-ruminants – pig, horse, rabbit, dog, cat
2. Ruminants – cattle, carabao, goat, sheep
3. Avian – chicken, duck, turkey, quail, etc
Non-ruminants have stomach with 3 major regions:
a) Cardiac
b) Peptic gland or fundus
c) Pyloric
Ruminants have only 1 true gastric stomach but with additional
compartments which evolved for fiber digestion
Unique features of ruminant

Esophageal groove – directs milk obtained from sucking to escape

microbial digestion in the rumen
Rumination or controlled vomiting – a controlled set of contractions
of the esophagus, reticulum & rumen allow ingesta to be
regurgitated back up to the esophagus where fluids are swallowed
again & additional remastication & reswallowing of solids occurs.
Eructation – belching of gas allows for removal of large volumes of gas
produced in the rumen. In eructation contraction of the upper part
of the rumen force the gas up the esophagus & from there the gas
penetrates into the trachea and lungs.
Avian GI tract is very different from the non-ruminant & ruminant
tracts.
Mouth – does not contain teeth, but the beak is used to collect
particles of feed & to break some large particles into smaller
pieces
Esophagus – include an enlarged area called the crop for temporary
storage, moistening of food, place for salivary amylase to work &
microbial fermentation in some birds.
Proventriculus – true stomach
Ventriculus – gizzard a muscular area w/c aid in mechanical
breakdown of food similar to mastication by teeth
Methods of Marketing Livestock in the Philippines
1. Livestock market/concentration yards – farmers bring their
animals to the concentration yards for sale
2. Barrio agents – highly skilled in live weight estimation. They buy
livestock from backyard raisers & sell livestock to retailers or
wholesalers
3. Wholesalers or viajeros – buy livestock in wholesale quantity,
transport and resell them to retailers and/or processors
4. City dealers – middle men
5. Retailers –
6. Contract growing schemes – a mother company takes the
animals produced and takes care of the processing before final
sale to consumers
Meat and Meat Products
Traditionally, the meat distribution system is multi-layered with
many middle men involved in the process.
Producer Barrio agent Wholesaler Retailer End consumer

Recent trends
Producer Retailers
a) Wet markets
b) Institutional markets
1. supermarkets )
2. groceries )
3. hotels ) end consumers
4. restaurants )
Thank you very much!