CCNA 1 v3.

1 Module 2
Networking Fundamentals

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Objectives

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Businesses needed a solution for the problems

• How to avoid duplication of equipment

and resources

• How to communicate efficiently

• How to set up and manage a network

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 How a LAN Stds. Created ?

• Earlier each company that created network

hardware and software used its own standards,
because of competition with other companies.

• Many of the network technologies were

incompatible with each other.

• Network equipment often had to be replaced to

implement new technologies.

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Why MANs & WANs ?

• As the use of computers in businesses

grew, LANs became insufficient .

• A new technology was necessary to share

information efficiently and quickly within a
company and between businesses over
large geographic areas

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Data Networks

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Network History

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Network History continued

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Classification of devices in the network

• End-user devices include computers,

printers, scanners and other devices that
provide services directly to the user.

• Network devices include all the devices

that connect the end-user devices
together to allow them to communicate .
Examples: Repeaters, hubs, bridges,
switches, and routers .

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Uses of Network devices

• to extend cable connections

• concentrate connections
• convert data formats
• and manage data transfers.

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Networking Devices

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Networking Devices

A repeater is a network device used to

regenerate a signal that are distorted by
transmission loss due to attenuation.

Hubs concentrate connections .

Passive Hub :without any other effect
on the data transmission.
Active hubs concentrate hosts and
also regenerate signals.

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Networking Devices

Bridges provide connections between

LANs. They also check data to
determine if it should cross the bridge.

Workgroup switches does not convert data

transmission formats & perform data
transfer management. Transfer data only to
the connection that needs it.

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Networking Devices

Routers can regenerate

signals, concentrate multiple
connections, convert data
transmission formats, and
manage data transfers. They
can also connect to a WAN,
which allows them to connect
LANs that are separated by
great distances.

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Network Topology

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Factors to be considered in choosing topology

• Easy to install
• Easy to troubleshoot
• Easy to reconfigure.
• No. of systems down because of media
failure

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Bus topology

• A bus topology uses a

single backbone cable
that is terminated at
both ends. All the
hosts connect directly
to this backbone.

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Ring & Star Topology

• A ring topology connects one host to the

next and the last host to the first. This
creates a physical ring of cable. Only the
node with the token is allowed to send data .
All other nodes must wait for the token to
come to them.

• relatively easy to install, requiring ;minimal

hardware

• A star topology connects all cables to a

central point.
• If hub goes down, entire network goes down.

• If a computer goes down, the network

functions normally.

• most scalable and reconfigurable of all

topologies

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Extended star & Hierarchical topology
• An extended star topology
links individual stars
together by connecting
the hubs or switches.

• A hierarchical topology is
similar to an extended
star. However, instead of
linking the hubs or
switches together, the
system is linked to a
computer that controls the
traffic on the topology.

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Mesh Topology

• A mesh topology is implemented to

provide as much protection as
possible from interruption of service.

• Every computer has multiple possible

connection paths to the other
computers on the network, so a
single cable break will not stop
network communications between
any two computers.

For example, a nuclear power in a

networked control systems

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Logical topology of a network

• It determines how the hosts communicate across the

medium. Two most common types of logical topologies are :

Broadcast --- example Ethernet Technology

Token passing --- example Token Ring and

Fiber Distributed Data Interface (FDDI)

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Network Protocols

• A protocol is a formal description of a set of rules

and conventions that govern a particular aspect of
how devices on a network communicate.

• Protocols determine
the format timing
sequencing
error control in data communication.

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Network rules are created and Maintained by.

• Electrical and Electronic Engineers IEEE)

• American National Standards Institute (ANSI)

• Telecommunications Industry Association (TIA)

• Electronic Industries Alliance (EIA)

• International Telecommunications Union (ITU), formerly known

as the Comité Consultatif International Téléphonique et
Télégraphique (CCITT).

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Local-area Networks (LANs)

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LAN devices & Tecnologies

LANs consist of the following components:

• Computers
• Network interface cards
• Peripheral devices
• Networking media
• Network devices

LAN technologies include the following:

• Ethernet
• Token Ring
• FDDI

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Wide-area Networks (WANs)

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Uses of WAN

• Operate over a large and geographically

separated area
• Allow users to have real-time communication
capabilities with other users
• Provide full-time remote resources connected to
local services
• Provide e-mail, Internet, file transfer, and e-
commerce services

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WAN technologies

• Modems
• Integrated Services Digital Network (ISDN)
• Digital subscriber line (DSL)
• Frame Relay
• T1, E1, T3, and E3
• Synchronous Optical Network (SONET)

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Metropolitan-Area Network (MANs)

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MAN

• A MAN usually consists of two or more LANs in a

common geographic area. For example, a bank
with multiple branches may utilize a MAN.

• Typically, a service provider is used to connect

two or more LAN sites using private
communication lines or optical services.

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Storage-Area Networks (SANS)

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Storage Area Network (SAN)

• A storage-area network (SAN) is a

dedicated, high-performance network
used to move data between servers and
storage resources.

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SAN features

• Performance – SANs allow concurrent access of disk or tape

arrays by two or more servers at high speeds. This provides
enhanced system performance.

• Availability – SANs have built-in disaster tolerance. Data can

be duplicated on a SAN.

• Scalability – A SAN can use a variety of technologies. It

grows with more storage capacity

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Virtual Private Networks (VPNs)

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Virtual Private Network

• A VPN is a service that offers secure,

reliable connectivity over a shared public
network infrastructure such as the
Internet.

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Three types of VPN

• VPN for SOHO users

• Intranet
• Extranet

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Purpose of VPN

• VPNs maintain the same security and

management policies as a private network.

• The use of a VPN is the most cost-effective

way to establish a point-to-point connection
between remote users and an enterprise
network.

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Intranet VPN

• Intranet VPNs use dedicated connections to

link regional and remote offices to an
internal network over a shared infrastructure.

• Intranet VPNs allow access only to the

employees of the enterprise.

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Extranet VPNs

• Extranet VPNs use dedicated connections

to link business partners to an internal
network over a shared infrastructure.

• Extranet VPNs allow access to users

outside the enterprise.

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Benefits of VPNs

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Intranet and Extranet VPN

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Importance of Bandwidth

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Bandwidth Pipe Analogy

Bandwidth is defined as the amount of information that can flow

through a network connection in a given period of time.
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Bandwidth Highway Analogy

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Bandwidth Measurements

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Bandwidth Limitations

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Bandwidth Throughput

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Digital Transfer Calculation

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Digital versus Analog

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Using Layers to Analyze Problems

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Network Protocols

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Using Layers to Describe Data Communication

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OSI Model

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OSI Layers

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Physical Layer Functions

• Physical Characteristics of interfaces & media

(deals with electrical & mechanical specifications)
• Representation of bits (electromagnetic or optical)
• Data Rate (bits per sec.)
• Synchronisation (Sender & Reciever clock)
• Physical Topology (Star,Bus….)
• Transmission Mode (directionof transmission between 2
devices; e.g Half, Full between devices)

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Data Link Layer Functions

• Framing
• Physical addressing (MAC of sender/reciever as
Header)
• Flow Control (Matching the Speed)
• Error Control (FCS Trailor )
• Access control ( Which device uses the media)

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Network Player Functions

• Logical Addressing (IP addressing used for the

communication out of the network)

• Routing (Packets are routed in the internetwork to the final

destination)

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Transport Layer Functions

• Service- Point or Port addressing( Port no. as header to

segment)

• Segmentation & re-assembly (sequence no. to segments

when sending & replace the missing packets when recieves)

• Connection control ( connectionless or connection oriented)

• Flow & error control( applied over entire message & error
correction is through retransmission)

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Session Layer Function

• Dialog Control (half duplex or full duplex

between application processes)

• Synchronization (incertion of checkpoints

in the stream of data for recovery)

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Presentation Layer Funtions

• Translation(sender dependent format -

common format – Receiver dependent
format)
• Encryption & decryption
• Compression & decompression(for
multimedia information)

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Application Layer Functions

• when you use your Web browser, that

actual software is an application running
on your PC .It doesn't really “reside” at the
application layer. Rather, it makes use of
the services offered by a protocol that
operates at the application layer, which is
called the HTTP Other e.g FTP, E-Mail etc

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OSI Model

OSI Model

Data unit Layer Function

Application Network process to application

Host
Data Presentation Data representation and encryption
layers
Session Interhost communication

Segments Transport End-to-end connections and reliability

Packets Network Path determination and logical addressing (IP)

Media
layers Frames Data link Physical addressing (MAC & LLC)

Bits Physical Media, signal and binary transmission

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Peer-to-Peer Communication

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TCP/IP Model

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Encapsulation

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Names for Data at Each Layer

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Summary

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