Living Things

Other Than Plants

and Animals
FUNGUS  A eukaryotic,
(Fungi) heterotrophic
organism devoid of
chlorophyll that
obtains its nutrients by
absorption, and
reproduces by spores.
 Structure of Fungi

Fungal mycelium is mostly hidden

from human view

Fungal hyphae (plural of hypha) – fine branching,

colorless threads; together they form a tangled
web called a mycelium
Structure of Fungi

 stolon - a kind of
hypha connecting
fruiting bodies

 sporangiophore -
stemlike part

 sporangia - roundish
yellowish shapes are the
structures which bear
the small round spores.
 Structure of Fungi

Fruiting bodies
- are made up of thick
collections of hyphae.

 They are usually produced at

the surface of the food source,
rather than hidden within it.
 BENEFITS

 Food production
 bread
 beer, wine, soy sauce

 Medicine production
 antibiotics
 synthesis of fats and
proteins
 synthesis of vitamins and
enzymes

penicillin
 BENEFITS

Ecological Roles

 Decomposers
recycle nutrients
soil fertility
Fungi as Symbionts (Mutualism)
Harmful Effects
 Bacterial Structure

Microscopic prokaryotes
No nucleus or membrane-bound
organelles
Contain ribosomes
Single, circular chromosome in
nucleoid region
Unicellular
Small in size (0.5 to 2μm)
Bacterial Cell

11
Bacterial Structure

Protection: May
have a sticky
coating called the
Capsule for
attachment to host
or other bacteria
 Bacterial Structure

 Have small rings

of DNA called Most
Plasmids grow best
at pH of
6.5 to 7.0
 Bacterial Structure

 Bacteria that are motile

have appendages called
flagella
 A bacteria can have one
or many flagella
 Bacterial Structure

PILI
Short protein
appendages
Smaller than flagella
Adhere bacteria to
surfaces
Aid Flotation by
increasing buoyancy Used in conjugation
for Exchange of genetic
information
Bacterial Structure
Benefits
 Benefits

 Some bacteria can

degrade oil
 Used to clean up
oil spills
 Many act as
decomposers recycling
nutrients
Harmful effects

Staphylococcus
Bacteria
 Harmful effects
 Called germs or microbes
 Cause disease
Pathogens

 May produce poisons or toxins

 Endotoxins released after
bacteria die (E. coli)
 Exotoxins released by Gram +
bacteria (C. tetani)
 Modes of Nutrition
22

 Saprobes – feed on dead organic

matter
 Parasites – feed on a host cell
 Photoautotroph – use sunlight to
make food
 Chemoautotroph – oxidize inorganic
matter such as iron or sulfur to make
food
 Methods of Respiration
23

 Obligate Aerobes
– require O2 (tuberculosis bacteria)
 Obligate Anaerobes
– die if O2 is present (tetanus)
 Facultative Anaerobes
– don’t need O2, but aren’t killed by it
(E. coli)
 Reproduction
24

 Bacteria reproduce asexually by binary

fission
 Single chromosome replicates & then
cell divides
 Rapid
 All new cells identical (clones)
Cellular organism copies it’s genetic information
then splits into two identical daughter cells
25
 Reproduction
26

 Bacteria reproduce
sexually by Conjugation
 Form a tube between 2
bacteria to exchange
genetic material
 Held together by pili
 New cells NOT identical
 Harmful effects

 can cause diseases, such as:

typhoid fever,
syphilis,
cholera,
tuberculosis
food-borne illnesses
Anthrax
PROTISTS
 PROTISTS

All are eukaryotic

All live in moist environments
(no means of preventing
themselves from drying out)
 PROTISTS

Characteristics that are variable:

Can be unicellular or multicellular
Can be microscopic or over 100 metres long
 Can be heterotrophs or autotrophs.
Reproduction
 PROTISTS

Protists are grouped into the ff.

subcategories:

 Plant-like protists - algae

Animal-like protists - protozoans
 Algae

• simple, aquatic eukaryotes

• autotrophic
• Release large chains of oxygen
during photosynthesis
• Mostly free-floating but some are
attached (e.g. kelp)
 Algae

• Can be unicellular: e.g. diatoms,

or multicellular: e.g. seaweeds.
• Usually reproduce asexually.
 Algae

Can be divided into the ff.

groups:
• Green algae
• Brown algae
• Red algae
• Diatoms
• Dinoflagellates
 Algae
Can be divided into the ff.
groups:
• Green algae
spirogyra (slime found in fresh water)
green seaweeds (found in shallow water
– for photosynthesis)
• Brown algae
kelp (found in deep water)
 Algae
Can be divided into
the ff. groups:
• Red algae
red seaweeds (found in deep water)
• Diatoms
– microscopic, unicellular algae whose cell
walls contain silica.
• Dinoflagellates
– microscopic, unicellular algae with
flagella. Found in surface waters.
 Protozoans

 are unicellular beings

with some similar
characteristics to animal
cells.
 Protozoans

• Heterotrophs
Some kinds engulf their food, e.g.
Amoeba
absorb the food directly through
their cell membranes, e.g.
plasmodium.
• Swim around actively looking for
food
 Harmful Effects

• Malaria is a chronic, life-threatening

parasitic disease transmitted through a
bite of a female Anopheles mosquito. The
mosquito acts as a vector. It affects
mainly poor countries as the mosquitoes
thrive in tropical environments.
 Harmful Effects
Diseases such as:
• Malaria
In 1880, scientists discovered it originates
from a unicellular protozoan called
Plasmodium.
Plasmodium is carried in the salivary
glands of the mosquito.
 Harmful Effects

• Physical effects:
Flu-like
Fever
chills tiredness
headache anaemia
muscle ache brain disease
vomiting kidney failure.
 Harmful Effects

• Can result in the destruction of red blood

cells (anaemia) or clogging of capillaries
surrounding the brain (cerebral malaria),
which results in death.

• Can be costly to individuals and

government, impeding economic growth.
 Harmful Effects

Algae provides oxygen for various living

things and also a food resource for humans
and fish. It can become harmful if they
produce toxins.
Too much algae in the water can kill fish
- consumes a great amount of oxygen
- can block the sunlight from reaching
underwater.
 Benefits

Food Source for many animals

Phytoplankton - for whales

Zooplankton - various sea creatures including
shrimp and larval crabs.
Humans even harvest various protists for food.
supplements for omega-3 fatty acids and other
purported nutrients.
serve as the foundation of the food chain.
 Benefits

Ecosystem
 blue-green algae - produces oxygen as a by-
product of their respiration cycle.
Blue-green algae provides 80% of the
Earth's oxygen.
 Algae, such as seaweed, also serve as mini-
ecosystems for other marine life
 Benefits

Economic Benefits
Blue-green and brown algae - grown for
biofuel, which could eventually replace
traditional fossil fuels.
Living algae is 50 percent oil, and can be
harvested and processed into usable oil,
diesel and gas fuel. (the algae grows very
fast).
 Benefits

Symbiotic Relationships

Some protists live in the digestive tracts of

several cellulose eating organisms and help
them break down the food they eat for
nutrients and energy. (Trichonymphs in
termites)