OSI Reference Model

Elizabeth George
Lecture Headlines

• OSI Reference Model

• Significance of each of the seven layers
 ISO is the organization; OSI is the model

– ISO International Organization for Standardization

– OSI Open Systems Interconnection

• Formulates the communication process into

structured layers
• Seven layers in the model, hence the name the 7-
Layer model
• The model acts as a frame of reference in the
design of communications and networking products
EXAMPLE
 OSI MODEL -7 LAYERS

ALL PEOPLE
SEEM TO NEED
DATA
PROCESSING
 APPLICATION LAYER
1. It is the highest level of OSI model
2. Used by network applications with the help of protocols
3. Provides the interface (interacts) with the application programs.
4. The application layer uses commands to tell the server how to handle
the data
5. File Transfer, Web Surfing, Emails and Virtual Telnets
 PRESENTATION LAYER
• Presentation layer defines the format in which the data is to be
exchanged between the two communicating entities.
• Functions: Translation, Data Compression, Encryption/Data
Encryption
• Useful for real time, video audio streaming
• SSL protocol
 SESSION LAYER
• Session layer helps in setting up and
managing connections enabling sedning and
receiving of data followed by termination
• APIs: NETBIOS
• Session layer provides mechanism for
controlling the dialogue between the two end
systems. It defines how to start, control and
end conversations (called sessions) between
applications.
• Session layer keeps a track of files being
downloaded
• Check pointing mechanism
 TRANSPORT LAYER
• Provides a reliable mechanism for the exchange of data between two
processes in different computers.
• Provides connectionless (UDP) or connection-oriented (TCP) service.
• Example: UDP for movies, TCP for emails
• Functions: Segmentation, Flow Control and Error Control
 NETWORK LAYER
• Implements routing of frames (packets) through the
network.
• Functions: Path Determination, Logical addressing, Routing
• Protocols: OSPF, BGP, IS-IS
• Facilitates interconnection between heterogeneous
networks (Internetworking)
 DATA LINK LAYER

• Physical Addressing
• MAC Addresses of receiver and sender are assigned to each
data packet to form a frame
• Access the media (framing), controls how data is placed and
received from media (Media Access Control, Error detection)
 PHYSICAL LAYER
Provides physical interface for transmission of information.
Defines rules by which bits are passed from one system to another on a
physical communication medium.
Covers all - mechanical, electrical, functional and procedural - aspects
for physical communication.
The physical layer is responsible for movements of individual bits from
one hop (node) to the next.
SUMMARY
Questions?
• Thank You