WSA Training

O& M Team

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Importance of Fresh Water

If all earth’s water fits in a gallon

jug, available fresh water would
equal just over a tablespoon.

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Importance of Water

Salt water 97.5 %

Water

Fresh water 2.5 %

Land

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 Inadequate water intake can cause...
• Headaches
• Stomach problems
• Blood pressure
• Digestive disorders
• Kidney malfunction
• Prolonged dehydration can lead to death

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Importance of Water
• What is water Treatment?
Cleaning-up a polluted water

• How does water become polluted ?

Through human activities
• Domestic
• Industrial
• Agricultural

• What is the Objectives of Water Treatment?

• Clean-up the water so it will not have an adverse impact on users
• Human
• Animal
• Plants Naandi community water services 7
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 Filtration
• Removes only Physical
impurities
• Gradual pore size increases
• If periodic cleaning is not
done then it turns into
breeding ground for bacteria

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 Boiling
• Kills part of microbes
• Cannot remove organic
impurities or reduce TDS
• Greater chances of
Recontamination
• Flat taste- Loss of
dissolved oxygen

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Functions/Purpose/Use of different
Water filtration/treatment

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 Sand Filter

• Sand filter removes physical

impurities

• Removes 10 micron & above

size sediments.

• Used to remove large

suspended solids (sediment)
from the feed water.
Backwashing the media
removes the trapped
particles.
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 Activated Carbon

• Removes organic chemicals like pesticides,

insecticides, bad smell, bad colour, bad taste,
animal waste, human wastes, free ammonia, free
chlorine, phenols, cleaning liquids, dead &
decayed plants/animals/insects etc.

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 Cartridge Filters

• Multi layered sediment candle for

in-depth filtration
• Removes physical impurities like
sand, rust, dust & to some extant
Protozoa also.

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 Scaling & Antiscalant
• Scaling refers to the precipitation and deposition
within the system of sparingly soluble salts
including calcium carbonate, barium sulfate,
calcium sulfate, strontium sulfate and calcium
fluoride
• Antiscalants: They are surface active materials
that interfere with precipitation reactions and
prevent scaling of membranes

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 Ultra Violet Rays (UV)
• Water is passed
through UV tube and
all known pathogenic
bacteria, virus &
protozoa get
destroyed.

• Does not change the

chemical composition
in the water

• No residual effect as
UV is not retained in
the water

• Easy and fast Naandi community water services 21

 Disadvantages UV

• cannot remove
heavy metals

• cannot reduce
TDS

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 Reverse Osmosis
.

Feed Water Reject Water

RO Membrane

Product Water

• Water enters the RO membrane under pressure

and travels from the feed end to the reject end.
Some of this feed water passes through the
membrane and becomes purified. This water is
called the RO product water. The contaminants
that were previously in the product water exit
the membraneNaandi
in community
the reject water.
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The spiral wound membrane element is installed in a pressure vessel. A seal between
the outside of the membrane and the inside of the pressure vessel prevents the feed
water from flowing between the membrane and pressure vessel. This is called a brine
seal.

Brine Seal

Reject

Feed
RO Membrane Element
Water Produc
t

Pressure Vessel

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Reverse Osmosis

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 Particle Size

Yeast Cell = 3.00

microns

Bacteria = 0.45
microns

Ferric Iron
Molecule = 0.001
microns

Human Hair ~ 75
microns Naandi community water services 26
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Precautions to be taken – Don’ts

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