 First

compound light
microscope
 Coined the term “cell”
 Allplants are made of
cells
 Allanimals are made of
cells
 Cells
can only arise
from pre-existing cells
1. The cell is the basic unit of
structure.
2. The cell is the basic unit of
function.
3. All cells arise from pre-
existing cells.
-nucleus -cytoplasm
-nucleolus -cytoskeleton
-cell membrane -vacuole
-mitochondria -chloroplast
-golgi Apparatus -centrioles
-lysosomes -ribosomes
-endoplasmic reticulum(ER)
*Rough ER & Smooth ER 7
 Nucleus
The “brain” of the cell

Controls all of the

cellular activities

DNA is inside the nucleus

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9
10
 CELL MEMBRANE
 holds the cell together

 keeps all of the pieces (like the organelles

and the cytoplasm) inside the cell

 controls what goes in and out of the cell

Example: like a big plastic bag with tiny

holes in it

11
 How does the cell membrane work?

Has 2 layers of MOLECULES = BILAYER

Bi means two

The layers are made up of molecules called

phospholipids

**THINK OF a sandwich with two pieces of

bread and some stuffing on the inside
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Cell Membrane: PHOSPHOLIPIDS
Each phospholipids
has a HYDROPHOBIC
and HYDROPHILIC
end

•HYDRO = means water

•PHOBIC = means afraid
•PHILIC = means loving
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 Cell Membrane: PHOSPHOLIPIDS

 One end of the molecule is “afraid” of

the water and one end “loves” being in the
water.

 Proteins are stuck inside the membrane

 Proteins are across the bilayer and

make the holes that let ions and molecules
in and out of the cell
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15
The cytoplasm is a gel like substance that is inside the cell
membrane. It stores the organelles, water, and the
chemicals in it. Unlike Jell-O that you would compare
cytoplasm to, cytoplasm is constantly moving around.

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Protoplasm- everything inside the cell membrane

Cytoplasm- everything inside the cell membrane &

outside of the nucleus except the cell’s nucleus

Cytosol:
 Mostly H2O
 Contains organelles
 Contains salts, dissolved gasses & nutrients

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cytoplasm

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The nucleus is the largest organelle in a cell. The nucleus directs all activity in
the cell. It also controls the growth and reproduction of the cell. The nucleus
could be compared to a manager of a company, they both control activity in
there facility. The nucleus is surrounded by a nuclear membrane that protects
it from other parts of the cell. It also contains a nucleolus, which is a
secondary organelle. It also contains the blueprints of the cell in the
chromatin inside the nucleus. The chromatin is like long strands in the
nucleus that carry DNA and proteins.

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NUCLEOLUS

The dark area in

the nucleus

Like a tiny
nucleus inside the
nucleus.
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The endoplasmic reticulum (ER) is found in cytoplasm and and
is the transportation center for the cell. The ER is much like a
conveyor belt, but instead of being in a factory the conveyor is
in a cell moving things around.
The ER is also very large; it fills up a lot of the cell. It
stretches from the Cell membrane to the nucleus.

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22
 Endoplasmic Reticulum
 also known as the “ER”

 it is an organelle inside the cell that is

made up of membranes that are in the
CYTOPLASM of the cell

There are two different

Smooth ER
Rough ER

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 Smooth ER

 Main function is to collect, maintain &

transport things

 Shaped slightly tubular

 Creates steroids

 Stores Ions for the cell to keep nutrients

balanced
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Rough ER
It has bumps all over it giving it a “rough”
appearance

Bumps are called RIBOSOMES

ER collects the proteins (built by the

ribosomes) and creates a bubble around them

 VESICLE- is formed when the ER pinches

off a part of its membrane
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26
Ribosomes are found in the cytoplasm and on
the endoplasmic reticulum. Their job is to make
proteins needed in the cell for everyday life. The
nucleus tells the ribosomes which proteins to
make, so that the cell can work efficiently. The
nucleus also makes the ribosomes and sends
them out for work.

27
 Ribosomes
•small dot-like structures in cells

•they are often associated with forming

rough ER

•Ribosomes are the site of protein synthesis

in cells

•they are made in the nucleus of the cell

•A ribosome can make the average protein in

about one minute
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29
30
 Ribosome Structure
•Ribosomes are made up of proteins and
ribonucleic acid(RNA)
•These molecules are arranged into two
subunits
•These subunits are attached to each other
and together form the entire ribosome
•When viewed through a light microscope the
ribosomes appear as dots

31
Types of Ribosomes
•There are two kinds of ribosomes
1) Attached to the rough ER
2) floating in the cell cytoplasm
•Attached ribosomes make proteins that are
used in the ER or transported within the ER
•Free ribosomes make proteins that are used
in the cytoplasm

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 Mitochondria
 Mito = Mighty / Power

 The Power-House of the cell

 They break down food molecules so the

cell has the energy to live

 If a cell needs a lot of energy…it will have

more mitochondria

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The Mitochondria structure has three main
parts:

OUTER MEMBRANE:
covers the
mitochondria

INNER MEMBRANE:
folds many times to
increase the surface
area because
chemical reactions (glycolysis) occur here
So…the more space it has the more energy it
can create 34
MATRIX: a fluid
that has water
and proteins all
mixed together
(like a solution)

•The proteins
take the food
molecules in and
combine them
with Oxygen to
release the
energy
35
•Also called the Golgi Complex
•It is made up of a stack of flattened out sacs
…like a loose stack of pancakes

WHAT DOES IT DO?

1) it takes simple molecules and combines them to

make larger molecules.
2) takes those larger molecules and puts them
into packs called GOLGI VESICLES
36
•They combine with the food taken in by the cell

•The enzymes in the lysosome bond to food &

digest it (acidic interior)

 Next…smaller molecules are released which

are absorbed by the mitochondria

37
 When an organelle no longer works, the
lysosome will attach itself to it and break it
down like food (kind of like a cannibal)
 Chemicals can then be reabsorbed or
excreted

 Lysosomes can also destroy the cell if it

breaks open accidentally
 “Suicide Sacs”
 UV light damages lysosome membrane

 The enzymes inside the lysosome spread

throughout the cell and digest it 38
39
Lysosome Animation

40
 Vacuoles are “bubbles” that float in
the cell

 Vacuoles are more important to the

survival of plant cells than they are to
animal cells

41
 Vacuoles in plants support structure

 Vacuoles hold onto things that the cell might

need…like a backpack

 There are some vacuoles that hold onto waste

products, similar to having a big septic tank

 Storing waste products protects the cell from

contamination

42
So, when there is no water…the vacuole shrinks
and the cell wall is the only thing holding the
plant together.

43
Chloroplast

44
 Chloroplast
•the site of photosynthesis in eukaryotic
cells

•disk-like structures

•composed of a single membrane

•surrounding a fluid containing stacks of

membranous disks
45
•SOLAR energy
radiated from the Chloroplast
sun is captured by
plants(chloroplast)

•Then it is
instantaneously
changed into
ELECTRICAL
energy

•Then packaged as
CHEMICAL energy
46
 Chloroplast
•photosynthesis takes place inside the chloroplast
the process in which plant use
Photosynthesis- water, carbon dioxide, and energy
form the sun to make food

47
 Chloroplast
•No energy transformation is 100%
efficient

•Not all the solar energy captured is

converted to electrical and then chemical
energy.

•Some of it gets lost as heat or other

forms of energy (light)
48
 Centrioles:
•generally appear in animal cells
•they look like two cylinders at right angles to
one another
•when viewed with an electron microscope, the
cylinders show up as nine bundles of tiny
microtubules arranged in a circle
•they help to form the fibers that move
chromosomes around when the cell is dividing
•as animal cells prepare for cell division these
two centrioles separate and go to opposite
ends of the cell. 49
50
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52
53
54
55
56
57
58
59
 Assignment Part A (slides 1-11)
Directions: Write-out and highlight the following
questions. Then use your notes to answer them.

1. Which organelle is known as the “Brain” of the

cell?
2. If you look at a picture of a cell, how would you
recognize the nucleolus?
3. List the 3 main jobs of the cell membrane
4. Explain why the cell membrane has tiny holes made
of protein in it.
5. The term hydro means _________.
A. If something is hydrophobic it is _________
B. If something is hydrophilic it is __________
60
 Assignment Part B (slides 11-23)
Directions: Write-out and highlight the following
questions. Then use your notes to answer them.

1. Which organelle is known as the Power House” of

the cell?
2. The mitochondria of a cell share the same job as
the __________ (hint- an organ) in the human body.
3. Explain how you could distinguish the rough ER
from the smooth ER.
4. What is the main job of the smooth ER?
5. What type of reactions occur on the inner
membrane of the mitochondria? (produces energy)
6. The process of H2O moving across the cell
membrane is called? 61
 Assignment Part C (slides 23-)
Directions: Write-out and highlight the following
questions. Then use your notes to answer them.

1. What is the main function of a lysosome?

2. What happens if a lysosome breaks open?

3. Explain the difference between cytoplasm and

protoplasm. (draw a diagram if it will help you)
4. Why are vacuoles important to PLANTS?
5. Which organelle is the site of photosynthesis?

6. What are the three main ingredients for

photosynthesis? 62
 Assignment Part D (slides 23-)
Directions: Write-out and highlight the following
questions. Then use your notes to answer them.

1. Centrioles are usually found in __________ cells.

2. What is the main function of a centriole?

3. List the two places you can find a ribosome in an

animal cell.

4. What do ribosomes make?

63