• TESTIS

• SCROTUM
• PENIS
• SEMINAL VESSICLES, PROSTATE GLAND,
BULBOURETHRAL GLANDS
• EPIDIDYMUS, VAS DEFERENS, URETHRA
• PRIMARY
REPRODUCTIVE
ORGANS OR
GONADS
• PRODUCTION OF
SPERM
• SUSPENDED
OUTSIDE THE BODY
CAVITY BY SCROTUM
• Seminiferous tubules
– Thin, highly coiled
structures where sperm
production occurs.
• Interstitial cells
– Major source of androgens
– Located between
seminiferous tubules
• Epididymis
– Site of sperm maturation
– Runs along back of testis
• Vas deferens
– Sperm-carrying tube
– Begins at the testis and
ends at the urethra.
• Small glands adjacent
to end of vas deferens Seminal
vesicle
• Secrete an alkaline
(basic) fluid
– Has high sugar content
that helps sperm
motility by giving them
a lot of energy
– This fluid is the greatest
portion of the volume of
semen released during
ejaculation
• Walnut-sized gland at the
base of the bladder.
• Secrete milky, alkaline
(basic) fluid that makes
up about 30% of volume
of semen released during Prostate
gland
ejaculation.
– Alkalinity helps counteract
the acidity of the male
urethra and the female
vaginal tract to help sperm
survive.
• Pea-sized glands that attach
to urethra just
below prostate gland
• Secrete an alkaline fluid
during sexual arousal.
• Not the same as semen;
released before ejaculation
(in slang, often called “pre-cum.”)
• Thought to counteract
acidity of male urethra and Cowper’s
help lubricate flow of gland
semen through the urethra.
• May possibly contain a few
active, healthy sperm (a
potential problem for the withdrawal
method of birth control).
• Volume per ejaculation: about 1 teaspoon
– Depends on length of time since last ejaculation, duration
of arousal before ejaculation, and age.
• Fluids from:
– Seminal vesicles (almost 70%)
– Prostate gland (about 30%)
– (possibly) a tiny bit of fluid from Cowper’s glands
depending on time of secretion
• Sperm
– Between 200 - 500 million sperm per ejaculation
– Only about 1% of total volume.
• ROUTE OF EXIT OF SPERM
• DUCTUS DEFERNS STORES SPERM
• DURING EMMISSION PHASE OF EJACULATION SPERM ARE
EMPTIED INTO URETHRA BY SYMPATHETICALLY INDUCED
CONTRACTIONS
• MOTOR NEURON INDUCED CONTRACTIONS OF SKELETAL
MUSCLES AT BASE OF PENIS EXPELL THE SEMEN DURING
EXPULSION PHASE OF EJACULATION
• EJACULATION IS A PART OF ORGASM
• DEPOSITS SPERM IN FEMALE
• ERECTILE TISSSUE (VASCULAR)
• ERECTION RESULTS FROM GORGING TISSUE
WITH BLOOD
• ERECTION IS A PARASYMPATHETIC SPINAL
REFLEX TO TACTILE AND OTHER
STIMULATION ENHANCED BY SYMPATHETIC
INHIBITION
• GONADOTROPIN RELEASING HORMONE (GnRH) – stimulates
secretion of Follicle Stimulating Hormone and Luetinizing
Hormone. This happens when there is a low concentration
of testosterone.
• FOLLICLE STIMULATING HORMONE (FSH) and LEUTINIZING
HORMONE (LH) – both produced by anterior pituitary.
Responsible for stimulating spermatogenesis and
testosterone secretion.
• TESTOSERONE – stimulates development of male sex organs,
as well as secondary sexual characteristics. Participates in
feedback loop involving GnRH. Also inhibits secretion of LH.
• INHIBIN – secreted by sustentacular cells. Inhibits secretion
of FSH.
• VAGINA
• UTERUS
• CERVIX
• CLITORIS
• LABIA
• OVARIES
• OVIDUCTS
• ENTRANCE TO
UTERUS
• PLACE WHERE PENIS
INSERTS TO DEPOSIT
SPERM
• MUSCULAR,
EXPANSIBLE TUBE
• MAINTAINS FETUS
DURING PREGNANCY
• MUSCULATURE
CONTRACTS TO
EXPEL FETUS AT
BIRTH
• LOWEST PORTION OF
THE UTERUS
• PROJECTS INTO
VAGINA
• CERVICAL CANAL
SERVES AS PATHWAY
FOR SPERM DURING
SEXUAL INTERCOURSE
• PASSAGWAY FOR
DELIVERY OF BABY
FROM UTERUS
• ERECTILE TISSUE
ANALOGOUS TO
PENIS IN MALE
• SENSITIVE AND
EROTIC
• AT FOLD OF LABIA
MINORA
• SKIN FOLDS
• MAJORA- OUTER
• MINORA-INNER
• AROUND VAGINAL
AND URETHRAL
OPENINGS
• FEMALE GONADS
• IN ABDOMEN
• PRODUCE OVA
• SECRETE ESTROGEN
AND PROGESTERONE
• Each primary oocyte is packaged in an epitheial vesicle
called a FOLLICLE.
• (It is within follicle that second meiotic division takes place
to create secondary oocyte.
• Follicular structure has 4 stages:
• PRIMORDIAL FOLLICLE (PRIMARY FOLLICLE) – not yet
growing.
• VESICULAR OVARIAN FOLLICLE (GRAFFIAN FOLLICLE) – about
ready to release a secondary oocyte.
• CORPUS LUTEUM – what is left of oocyte after it released for
ovulation. Corpus luteum secretes ESTROGEN and
PROGESTERONE, both of which are important in regulating
female menstrual cycle.
• CORPUS ALBICANS – degenerate form.
• LINK OVARIES TO
UTERUS
• FALOPIAN OR
UTERINE TUBES
• PICK UP OVA AT
OVULATION
• SITE FOR
FERTILIZATION
1. HYPOTHALAMUS RELEASES GONADOTROPIN-RELEASING HORMONE (GnRH).
This stimulates the anterior pituitary to release FSH and LH.
2. FSH STIMULATES MATURATION OF PRIMARY OOCYTE IN AN IMMATURE
FOLLICLE.
3. FOLLICLE PRODUCES ESTROGEN. Estrogen: (A) builds the uterine wall (the
endometrium); (B) inhibits secretion of FSH.
4. HIGH LEVELS OF ESTROGEN FURTHER STIMULATE SECRETION OF LH BY
ANTERIOR PITUITARY. This plus FSH also causes ovulation of the secondary
oocyte – leaving follicle without egg (the corpus luteum).
5. CORPUS LUTEUM SECRETES ESTROGEN AND PROGESTERONE. This maintains
the endometrium for 15-16 days and inhibits LH.
6. (If oocyte is not fertilized and implanted in the uterine wall) CORPUS
DEGENERATES (TO CORPUS ALBICANS) AND STOPS PRODUCING ESTROGEN AND
PROGESTERONE.
7. WITHOUT ESTROGEN AND PROGESTERONE, ENDOMETRIUM BREAKS DOWN –
MENSTRUATION OCCURS. Menstruation is the sloughing off of the enlarged
endometrial wall along with blood and mucous.
8. DECREASE IN PROGESTERONE AND LH. Low LH causes secretion of FSH by
pituitary again. The cycle repeats.