Session 3 Verb and Verb Phrase

English Grammar
Chapter III
Verb & the verb phrases
Issues
1. Different classifications of English verbs
2. Grammatical categories of the verb
3. Intensive complementation
4. Monotransitive complementation
5. Ditransitive complementation
6. Complextransitive complementation
1/1
1 Classifications of English verbs

classified Functions of items
Verb according to
= words or phrases Complementation

indicating an action,
an event, or a state
Possibility of admitting
E.g.: kiss, break out, have progressive aspect
Structure
2/1

Verbs according to
Lexical verbs Auxiliary verbs

3/1

Verbs according to
Regular E.g.: book, booked, booked
Irregular E.g.: teach, taught, taught

4/1

Verbs according to
Primary
Modal
Marginal
modal auxiliary
5/1

Verbs according to
Primary
• include: do, have, be
• change meaning when becoming a
Modal
full verb
E.g.: I am a student. vs. I am reading. Marginal
modal auxiliary
6/1

Verbs according to
• include: Primary
Can – could
May – Might Modal
Shall-should
Will-would
Must Marginal
modal auxiliary
Ought to
7/1

Verbs according to
Primary
Modal
Marginal
• include: used to, dare, need modal auxiliary
8/1

classified Complementation
Verbs according to
Intensive verbs Extensive verbs

9/1

Verbs according to
• connect S & C
Current copular E.g.: be, appear, feel, look,
• have the pattern: remain, seem
SVC or SVA(obli)
E.g.: become, get, go,
Resulting copular
E.g.: I feel tired. grow, turn, make
He’s in the cab.
10/1

Verbs according to
Intransitive
Transitive
11/1

Verbs according to

• require no Object
• have the pattern: SV
Intransitive
• make complete sense
themselves
Transitive
E.g.: He’s singing.
The baby cried.
12/1

Verbs according to
Mono-transitive
Intransitive
Di-transitive
Transitive
Complex-transitive
13/1

Verbs according to
Mono-transitive
Intransitive
• require one direct Object (Od)

Di-transitive
• have the pattern: SVOd Transitive
E.g.: Complex-transitive
I kissed her.
He caught the ball.
14/1

Verbs according to
Mono-transitive
Intransitive
Di-transitive
Transitive
• require both direct

Complex-transitive
Object (Od) & indirect Object (Oi)
• have the pattern: SVOiOd
E.g.: I gave her such a lovely present.
15/1

Verbs according to
• require Object and Object Complement

(Co) or Obligatory Averbial (A(obli))
• have the pattern: Mono-transitive
SVOCo or SVOA(obli) Intransitive
E.g.: He made me really crazy.
Di-transitive
He sent his son to the kindergarten. Transitive
Complex-transitive
16/1

classified Possibility of admitting
Verbs according to progressive aspect
Stative verbs Dynamic verbs

17/1

Stative verbs
= verbs that show the

Verbs of inert perception & recognition
condition or status
and do not accept the
progressive aspect Relational verbs
E.g.: I am a boy.
It feels thin.
18/1

Stative verbs
• adore, astonish, believe, hate, hear,

Relational verbs
impress, know, like, etc.
E.g.: I like you
He said he hated cooking.
19/1

Stative verbs
• apply to, equal, deserve, involve, lack, matter, need, owe, resemble, possess,
sound, tend, etc.
E.g.: She resembles her mother.
Relational verbs
20/1

Dynamic verbs
= verbs that show the action or the
change of status
Verbs of body sensation
E.g.: She learns English.
He hit me. Activity verbs
She is English. ( ‘is’ isn’t
dynamic verb because it denotes a Transitional event verbs
permanent status)
Momentary verbs
Process verbs
21/1

Dynamic verbs
Activities verbs
• ache, hurt, itch, feel, etc.
Transitional event verbs
Momentary verbs
Process verbs
22/1

Dynamic verbs
Activities verbs
• ask, eat, help, learn,

Transitional event
say, throw, verbs
write etc.
Momentary verbs
Process verbs
23/1

Dynamic verbs
Activities verbs
• arrive, land, Momentary

leave, lose,verbs
die etc.
Process verbs
24/1

Dynamic verbs
Activities verbs
• hit, jump, kick, knock, nod, tap etc.
Momentary verbs
Process verbs
25/1

Dynamic verbs
Activities verbs

• change, deteriorate, grow, mature, slow down etc.
Momentary verbs
Process verbs
26/1

classified Structure
Verbs according to
One-word verbs Multi-word verbs

27/1

Verbs according to
One-word verbs
• as the name suggests, these are verbs of ONE

WORD
E.g.: change, kiss, make, love, etc.
28/1

Verbs according to
Multi-word verbs
Phrasal verbs
Prepositional verbs
Phrasal-prepositional verbs
29/1

Verbs according to
Multi-word verbs
Phrasal verbs
• turn on (the light), bring up (the child), hand in verbs

Prepositional
(the paper), give up, take of, etc.
30/1

Verbs according to
Multi-word verbs
Phrasal verbs
Prepositional verbs
• look at (the girl), take after (somebody), look verbs

Phrasal-prepositional
after (somebody), etc.
31/1

Verbs according to
Multi-word verbs
Phrasal verbs
• come up with, make up for, stand in for, Prepositional

put up with, verbs
etc.
1/2
2 Grammatical categories of verbs

Grammatical categories of verbs
Tense Aspect Mood Voice
Progressive
Present Indicative Active

Perfective
Past Imperative Passive

Perfective-
progressive
Subjunctive
Simple
2/2
Tense = the correspondence between the form of the verb and

our concept of time
• language specific
• while TIME: universal, non-linguistic
• includes PAST and PRESENT
• no FUTURE TENSE because there’s no verb form
corresponding to future time.
3/2
Aspect • the manner in which a verbal action is experienced or regarded

with respect to time
• progressive aspect: verbal action experienced as in progress
• perfective aspect: verbal action experienced as completed
E.g.: I am writing with a special pen. (progressive aspect)
I have written with a special pen. (perfective aspect)
• Tense & aspect are intermingled.
4/2

Tense & Aspect
Tense Simple Complex

Progressive Perfective Perfect progressive
Aspect
Present Present Present Present Present perfect
simple progressive perfect progressive
Past Past Past progressive Past perfect Past perfect

simple progressive
5/2
Mood = a grammatical category that relates the verb action to such

conditions as certainty, obligation, necessity, possibility
Indicative = statement of the fact E.g.: She’s nice to me.

(fact - indicative)
Imperative = command, request Be nice to me.

(command - imperative)
Subjunctive = non-fact, unreal I suggest she be nice to me.
(non-fact - subjunctive)
6/2
Subjunctive mood
Mandative
Formulaic
Subjunctive
“were”
7/2
Subjunctive mood
Mandative • Found in “-that clause” (verbs: recommend, demand,

request, insist, suggest, ask, it is necessary that)
• Form: the base
Formulaic • Aim: to be formal
E.g.: The chairman demands that the farmer kill all his
chicken.
It is necessary that every student pay the tuition
Subjunctive fee.
“were”
8/2
Subjunctive mood
Mandative • Found in clause in certain set expressions

• Form: the base
E.g.: May god bless you.
Formulaic Long live the King.
God save the Queen.
Come what may, we’ll go ahead.
Subjunctive
“were”
9/2
Subjunctive mood
Mandative
• Found in conditional & concessive clauses,

Formulaic subordinate clauses after verbs like Wish and Suppose
• Form: WERE
• Meaning: hypothetical/unreal
Subjunctive E.g.: If I were rich, I would buy you anything you wanted.
“were” Just suppose everyone were to give up smoking.
10/2
Voice = a grammatical category that makes it possible to view

the action of a sentence in either of two ways, without
change in the facts reported
• include: passive and active voice
E.g.: He ate all the apples. (active)
The dog was bitten by our neighbor. (passive)
1/3
3 Intensive complementation
Intensive verb complementation
(SVC - SVA)
C (complement) A (adverbial)
2/3
(SVC - SVA)
Adjective phrase
Noun phrase
Nominal clause
3/3
(SVC - SVA)
Adjective phrase E.g.: She is so crazy.

That is ridiculous!
Noun phrase
Nominal clause
4/3
(SVC - SVA)
Adjective phrase
E.g.: She isn’t a good student.

Noun phrase
It appears the only solution.
Nominal clause
5/3
(SVC - SVA)
Adjective phrase
Noun phrase
finite clause
Nominal clause
non-finite clause
6/3
(SVC - SVA)
• “that clause”
E.g.: The problem is that it costs a lot.
• “wh-interrogative clause”
Adjective phrase E.g.: The problem is not who will go.
• “nominal relative clause”
E.g.: Quality is what counts most.
Noun phrase
finite clause
Nominal clause
non-finite clause
7/3
(SVC - SVA)
• “bare-infinitive clause”
E.g.: All I did was hit him on the head.
Adjective phrase • “to-infinitive clause” with(out) “Subject” (S)
E.g.: My wish is to be a pilot. (without S)
The idea is for us to meet at 8. (with S)
Noun phrase
• “-ing clause”
finite clause
E.g.: Seeing is believing.
Nominal phrase
non-finite clause
8/3
Intensive verb complementation (SVC - SVA)
Adverbial
Prepositional phrase
She is in the garden.
The program is at night.
Home is where your family is.
Finite clause
1/4
4 Mono-transitive complementation
Mono-transitive verb complementation

(SVO)
Noun phrase Finite clause Non-finite clause

2/4
Mono-transitive verb complementation by a Noun phrase
Direct object (O) Prepositional O
With passive
one-word verbs Prepositional verbs
phrasal verbs
Without passive Phrasal prepositional verbs

3/4
With passive
phrasalE.g.:
verbsTom caught the ball.
The ball was caught by Tom.
4/4
With passive
phrasal verbs
E.g.: They passed over the question.

Without passive The question was passed over. Phrasal prepositional verbs
5/4
With passive

E.g.: phrasal
She hasverbs
a nice house.
A house is had by her.

6/4
With passive
phrasal verbs
E.g.: The management paid for his
air fares.
7/4
With passive
phrasal verbs
E.g.: He looked down on them.

8/4
Mono-transitive verb complementation by a Finite clause
That- clause Wh- clause

9/4
That- clause Wh- clause
Extraposed subject
that-clauseE.g.: I don’t care what you are saying.
I wondered who did make the bed for me.
Extraposed object Can you confirm which flight we are taking?
that-clause I realized what a fool I had been.
I know how busy you are.
That- clause
as object
10/4
That- clause
That- clause as object
Super-ordinate verbs
Subordinate verbs
11/4
Major Factual
That- clause

Suasive
Emotive
Minor Hypothesis
Subordinate verbs
12/4
Major Factual
That- clause
That- clause as object • introduce what one might generally describe

as factual or propositional
Suasive information
E.g.: They agree/admit/claim that she was
misled. Emotive
Minor Hypothesis
Subordinate verbs
13/4
Major Factual
That- clause

Suasive
• imply intentions toEmotive

bring about some change
in the future, whether or not these are verbally
Hypothesis suggestions, etc
Minor as commands,
formulated
Subordinate verbs E.g.: The are demanding that she leave.
14/4
Major Factual
That- clause

E.g.: I regret that we didn’t come.
Suasive
Emotive
Minor Hypothesis
Subordinate verbs
15/4
Major Factual
That- clause

Suasive
Emotive
E.g.: I wish that he were here.
Minor Hypothesis
Subordinate verbs
16/4
That- clause

Indicative verbs
Putative “should”
Subordinate verbs
Subjunctive verbs
17/4
That- clause

Indicative verbs
E.g.: She admitted that she was wrong.
Subordinate verbs
Subjunctive verbs
18/4
That- clause

Indicative verbs
E.g.: I insist that he shouldn’t smoke.

Subordinate verbs
Subjunctive verbs
19/4
That- clause

Indicative verbs
E.g.: I require that he give up smoking.

Subordinate verbs
Subjunctive verbs
20/4
Mono-transitive verb complementation by a Non-finite clause
With subject Without subject Wh-infinitive clause
To-infinitive clause To-infinitive clause
Ing-participle clause Ing-participle clause

21/4
E.g.: Iclause
Ing-participle don’t like the house to be leftclause
Ing-participle empty.
22/4
To-infinitive clause
E.g.: I dislike To-infinitive
him driving my car. clause

23/4
Ing-participle
E.g.: Maryclause
longed to leaveIng-participle
home. clause
24/4
E.g.:
To-infinitive Mary loves listening
clause to music.
To-infinitive clause

25/4
To-infinitive clauseE.g.: He learned how toclause

To-infinitive sail a boat as a small child.
You must not forget when to keep your mouth shut.
Ing-participle clause I couldIng-participle
not decide (on)
clausewhich bicycle to buy.
1/5
5 Di-transitive complementation
Di-transitive verb complementation (SVOO)
Od & Oi = NP
Oi = NP, Od = non-finite clause
Oi = NP, Od = finite clause
Idiomatic expressions: V + NP + Prep
Di-transitive prepositional verbs

2/5
Od & Oi = NP
Oi = NP, Od = non-finite
E.g.: Heclause
gave the girl a doll.

3/5
Od & Oi = NP
Oi = NP,E.g.:
Od =He persuaded
finite clause me to give up smoking.

4/5
Od & Oi = NP
E.g.: He convinced me that he was right.


5/5
• verbs combined with certain NPs followed by prepositions

Od & Oi = NP
 two passive forms of the sentence
• these expressions include: catch sight of, make fun of, take
Oi account
= NP, Odof,
= non-finite
give wayclause
to, etc.
E.g.: They make best use of the garage.
The
Oi = NP, Odgarage
= finiteisclause
made best use of.
Best use is made of the garage.

6/5
• Od introduced by a preposition
Od & Oi = NP
• one passive form with Oi only
• these verbs include: remind of, charge with, compare to,
Oi rob of,Od
= NP, refer to, etc. clause
= non-finite
E.g.: He reminds me of the agreement.
I am reminded of the agreement.
• Exceptions for: explain, provide, supply, blame, etc.
E.g.: He explained it to me.
It was explained
Idiomatic expressions: V + NP to me.
+ Prep
I was explained about it.
1/6
6 Complex-transitive complementation
Complex-transitive verb complementation (SVOA - SVOC)
Adjectival Object Complement (Co)
Nominal Co
Adverbials
To-infinitive
Bare-infinitive
Ing-clause
Ed-clause
2/6
Complex-transitive verb complementation (SVOdA - SVOdC)
Nominal Co
E.g.: He drives me crazy.
Adverbials
To-infinitive
Bare-infinitive
Ing-clause
Ed-clause
3/6
Nominal Co
Adverbials
E.g.: The Queen appointed William her personal secretary.
To-infinitive
Bare-infinitive
Ing-clause
Ed-clause
4/6
Nominal Co
Adverbials
To-infinitive
• Adverbials are obligatory.
Bare-infinitive
E.g.: Take your hands out of your pocket.
Ing-clause
Ed-clause
5/6
Nominal Co
Adverbials
To-infinitive
Bare-infinitive
E.g.: John believed the stranger to be a policeman.
Ing-clause
Ed-clause
6/6
Nominal Co
Adverbials
To-infinitive
Bare-infinitive
Ing-clause
E.g.: You shouldn't let your family interfere with our plans.
Ed-clause
7/6
Nominal Co
Adverbials
To-infinitive
E.g.: Tim watched Bill mending the lamp.
Bare-infinitive
Ing-clause
Ed-clause
8/6
Nominal Co
Adverbials
To-infinitive
Bare-infinitive
E.g.: They found him worn out by travel and exertion.
Ing-clause
Ed-clause
ed-clause
Thanks for your attention!

Session 3 Verb and Verb Phrase

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English Grammar

1 Classifications of English verbs

= words or phrases Complementation

1 Classifications of English verbs

Lexical verbs Auxiliary verbs

1 Classifications of English verbs

Lexical verbs Auxiliary verbs

Regular E.g.: book, booked, booked

Irregular E.g.: teach, taught, taught

1 Classifications of English verbs

Lexical verbs Auxiliary verbs

1 Classifications of English verbs

Lexical verbs Auxiliary verbs

1 Classifications of English verbs

Lexical verbs Auxiliary verbs

1 Classifications of English verbs

Lexical verbs Auxiliary verbs

1 Classifications of English verbs

Intensive verbs Extensive verbs

1 Classifications of English verbs

Intensive verbs Extensive verbs

1 Classifications of English verbs

Intensive verbs Extensive verbs

1 Classifications of English verbs

Intensive verbs Extensive verbs

1 Classifications of English verbs

Intensive verbs Extensive verbs

1 Classifications of English verbs

Intensive verbs Extensive verbs

• require one direct Object (Od)

1 Classifications of English verbs

Intensive verbs Extensive verbs

• require both direct

1 Classifications of English verbs

• require Object and Object Complement

1 Classifications of English verbs

Stative verbs Dynamic verbs

1 Classifications of English verbs

= verbs that show the

1 Classifications of English verbs

Verbs of inert perception & recognition

• adore, astonish, believe, hate, hear,

1 Classifications of English verbs

1 Classifications of English verbs

1 Classifications of English verbs

Verbs of body sensation

1 Classifications of English verbs

Verbs of body sensation

• ask, eat, help, learn,

1 Classifications of English verbs

Verbs of body sensation

Transitional event verbs

• arrive, land, Momentary

1 Classifications of English verbs

Verbs of body sensation

1 Classifications of English verbs

Verbs of body sensation

Transitional event verbs

1 Classifications of English verbs

One-word verbs Multi-word verbs

1 Classifications of English verbs

• as the name suggests, these are verbs of ONE

1 Classifications of English verbs