Energy requirement –of India and the world

GENERAL CONCEPTS & VARIOUS

FORMS OF RENEWABLE ENERGY

SHARAD VALVI
ASSISTANT PROFESSOR
DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING
SARDAR PATEL COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING MUMBAI
 OUTLINE

• NEED OF RENEWABLE ENERGY

• DEFINITION OF RENEWABLE ENERGY

• VARIOUS FORMS OF RENEWABLE ENERGY AND

ITS ADVANTAGES

• RENEWABLE ENERGY IN INDIA

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NEED OF RENEWABLE ENERGY

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 DEFINITION: RENEWABLE ENERGY
 energy resource

 naturally regenerated over a short time scale

 directly from the sun (thermal)

 indirectly from the sun (wind, hydropower)

 from other natural movements and mechanisms of the

environment (geothermal, tidal energy).

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An energy can be called ‘renewable’:

1.When its source

cannot run out (like
the sun) or can easily
be replaced (like
wood).

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An energy can be called ‘renewable’:

2. When their
sources are carbon
neutral. That means
they do not produce
carbon compounds
(such as other green
house gases).
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An energy can be called ‘renewable’:

3.When they do
not pollute the
environment.
(air, land or
water).
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 RENEWABLE ENERGY SOURCES

1) WIND ENERGY
2) SOLAR ENERGY
3) BIOFUELS
4) HYDROPOWER
a) Small hydro
b) OCEAN Thermal
c) TIDAL
d) WAVE action energy
5) GEOTHERMAL ENERGY

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 1. WIND ENERGY
• The largest wind turbine in the world, located in Hawaii,
stands 20 stories tall and has blades the length of a
football field.
• An average wind speed of 14 miles per hour is needed to
convert wind energy into electricity.
• The first power-generating turbine was constructed in
Ohio during the late 1800's and was used to charge
batteries.
• Wind energy is the fastest growing segment of all
renewable energy sources.

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 Wind energy: Advantages

•WIND TURBINES REQUIRE NO FUEL

•WIND TURBINES DO NOT PRODUCE

ANY WASTES, GREENHOUSE GASES,

TOXINS OR BY-PRODUCT THAT CAN

HARM THE ENVIRONMENT.

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 Wind energy: Advantages
• CREATES MORE JOBS

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Wind energy: Advantages
LAND BENEATH
WIND TURBINE
CAN BE USED FOR
FARMING AND
GRAZING

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Wind energy: Advantages
A good method of
supplying energy to
remote areas

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 Wind energy: Advantages
•Wind farms can be built offshore

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 2. Solar energy
It is considered 'renewable energy' because...

• The technology used to convert the sun's power into

electricity does not produce smoke (carbon dioxide

and other air pollutants).

• Tapping the sun's energy does not usually destroy

the environment.

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Largest solar thermal power plant generating facility in
the world: Solar Energy Generating Systems (SEGS) in
California, with the combined capacity from three
separate locations at 354 megawatts.

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Solar energy: advantages

•Solar energy will

last forever whereas
it is estimated that
the world’s oil
reserves will last for
30 to 40 years.

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Solar energy: advantages
•Solar cells make
absolutely no noise at all.
On the other hand, the
giant machines utilized for
pumping oil are extremely
noisy and therefore very
impractical.
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Solar energy: advantages
•Very little maintenance
is needed to keep solar
cells running. There are
no moving parts in a
solar cell which makes
it impossible to really
damage them.
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Solar energy: advantages

•Solar energy can

be used in remote
areas where it is
too expensive to
extend the
electricity power
grid.
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Solar energy: advantages
•Solar energy does not
cause pollution. However,
solar collectors and other
associated equipment /
machines are
manufactured in factories
that in turn cause some
pollution
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 3. BIOFUELS

• Biomass is used to make biofuels.

• Biomass is biological material derived from
living, or recently living organisms.
• Biofuels are liquid fuels which have been
derived from other materials such as waste
plant and animal matter. 22
Biomass is a renewable source
because:
 Waste residues will always exist
– in terms of scrap wood, mill
residuals and forest resources.

 Properly managed forests will

always have more trees, and we
will always have crops and the
residual biological matter from
those crops.
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BIOMASS POWER STATION WORKING

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BIOMASS ENERGY: ADVANTAGES

•It makes use

of waste
materials.

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BIOMASS ENERGY: ADVANTAGES

•Biofuel is
cheap.
•It will lead to
less demand on
fossil fuels. 26
 4. Hydro energy: renewable energy
contained in flowing water.
•Hydropower is renewable energy source that doesn't
cause global warming because it doesn't releases
dangerous greenhouse gases.
•China is the largest producer of hydroelectricity,
followed by Canada, Brazil, and the United States
(Source: Energy Information Administration).
•Hydropower is the most important and widely-used
renewable source of energy.
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Wave energy

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TIDAL ENERGY

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 HYDRO ENERGY: ADVANTAGES
 To meet any changes in demand for electricity,
hydroelectricity generators can be stopped and
started in minutes.

 A fossil fuel power station can take up to eight hours

to shut down or restart
 A nuclear power station can take up to several days.

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 HYDRO ENERGY: ADVANTAGES

 Operation and maintenance costs for

hydroelectricity plants are much lower than for
thermal electricity power plants.

 Breakdowns are few because their mechanical

design is relatively simple, and no excess heat is
generated during operations.

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HYDRO ENERGY: ADVANTAGES
Constant rate
of electricity
production
Long life
No waste by-
products

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 5. GEOTHERMAL ENERGY

 Geothermal energy is the heat from the

Earth.
 Geothermal energy is called a renewable
energy source because the water is
replenished by rainfall, and the heat is
continuously produced by the earth.
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The Pohutu Geyser in New Zealand erupts with a natural blast
of the Earth's interior heat.

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 Geothermal energy - advantages
• Because geothermal energy is energy in and of itself,
no outside sources of fuel are needed to keep the
power houses running.
• The supply of this renewable energy is constant, as
well as without limits since the earth is never going to
stop producing heat energy and in theory, energy is
abundant enough to supply all the needs of all
mankind.

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 RENEWABLE ENERGY IN INDIA
 First country in the world to set up a ministry
of non conventional resources, in early 1980s
 The renewable power installed capacity forms
12% of the total installed capacity as on Oct
2012.
 Actual electricity generation from renewable
energy sources equals 49.04 billion units.
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 RENEWABLE ENERGY IN INDIA

 RE generation from Small Hydro

power is 3421 MW, i.e 13% of RE

 With 17,875 MW of generation, wind

continues to account for 70% of the
installed RE capacity

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 Renewable
Energy Capacity
of India as of 2012

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Wave energy Plant at Vizhinjam near
Trivandrum in India

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 Other renewable energy sources:
 Radiant energy
 Compressed natural gas
 Anaerobic digestion
 Hydrogen
 Antimatter
 Nuclear

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 World’s production

Fig: World production of coal

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• From 1860 Steady increase of 4.6 per cent per
year in the production up to 1914.
• Production of coal in 1980 was 3795Mt,in
1985,4435Mt and in 1990,4853Mt.
• From 1991 to 2002, the annual production
stagnated and fluctuated between low of
4412Mt in 1993 and high of 4778Mt in 2002.
• Total amount of coal produced and consumed up
to 2004 is approx. 265000 Mt.

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 OIL

Fig: World production of crude oil 43

• Production increase at the average rate of
over 7 per cent per year from 1945 to 1973.
• beginning of the oil crisis from 1973.
• Total amount of oil produced and consumed
up to 2004 is approx. 1000 billion barrels.
• Estimated world’s resources of oil are 2400
billion barrels.

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 NATURAL GAS

Fig: World production of natural gas

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 Natural GAS
• Natural gas is mixture of various compounds of
carbon and hydrogen and small quantities of non-
hydrocarbons present in the gaseous phase.
• Two categories:
1. Associated gas.
2. Non-associated gas.
 World’s resource of natural gas are estimated to
be 360000 billion m3
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 Water POWER
• Water power provides about 16 per cent of the
worlds production of electricity.

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Nuclear power

Fig : world installed capacity

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• First nuclear power station-1957 USA.
• total installed capacity in 2004 was
368000MW
• Worlds resources of uranium are estimated to
be 8.8Mt
• Requires about 70000tonnes of uranium every
year.

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THANK YOU