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Presented by:-
Dr. Emad S S Belal
Biomass
The material of plants and animals, including their
wastes and residues, is called biomass.
It is organic, carbon-based, material that reacts with
oxygen in combustion and natural metabolic processes
to release heat.
Biomass is a renewable energy resource derived from
the carbonaceous waste of various human and natural
activities. It is derived from numerous sources,
including the by-products from the wood industry,
agricultural crops, raw material from the forest,
household wastes etc.
Such heat, especially if at temperatures >400 C, may be used to
generate work and electricity.
The initial material may be transformed by chemical and
biological processes to produce biofuels, i.e. biomass processed
into a more convenient form, particularly liquid fuels for
transport.
Examples of biofuels include methane gas, liquid ethanol,
methyl esters, oils and solid charcoal.
The term bioenergy is sometimes used to cover biomass and
biofuels together
Biomass provides about 13% of mankind’s energy
consumption, including much for domestic use in developing
countries but also significant amounts in mature economies;
this percentage is comparable to that of fossil gas. The
domestic use of biofuel as wood, dung and plant residues for
cooking is of prime importance for about 50% of the
world’s population.
Solar radiation
Biomass energy store
Domestic and
natural industrial biofuels
photosynthesis
Co2 Energy
Natural humus release
The carbon in biomass is obtained from CO2 in the
atmosphere via photosynthesis, and not from fossil sources.
When biomass is burnt or digested, the emitted CO2 is
recycled into the atmosphere, so not adding to atmospheric
CO2 concentration over the lifetime of the biomass growth.
The heat energy available in combustion, equivalent in
practice to the enthalpy or the net energy density, ranges from
about 8MJkg−1 (un dried ‘green’ wood) 15MJkg−1 (dry
wood), to about 40MJkg−1 (fats and oils) and 56MJkg−1
(methane). Biomass is, however, mostly carbohydrate material
with a heat of combustion of about 20MJkg−1 dry matter;
The photosynthetic process
• Photosynthesis is the making (synthesis) of
organic structures and chemical energy stores
by the action of solar radiation (photo). It is by
far the most important renewable energy
process, because living organisms are made
from material fixed by photosynthesis, and our
activities rely on oxygen in which the solar
energy is mostly stored.
• The continuous photosynthetic output flux on
the Earth is about 09×10 W (i.e. about 15kW
14
carbohydrate material
Home work
• Energy and Environmental issues are tow
sides of a coin considering advantages and
disadvantages of renewable energy wright
an easy of about 4-5 pages discussing this
issue?
The terms energy and power are essentially
synonyms, distinguish between them?
Biofuels production processes.
Biochemical
4 - Aerobic digestion.
In the presence of air, microbial aerobic metabolism of
biomass generates heat with the emission of CO2, but
not methane. This process is of great significance for the
biological carbon cycle, e.g. decay of forest litter, but is
not used significantly for commercial bioenergy.
5- Anaerobic digestion.
In the absence of free oxygen, certain microorganisms
can obtain their own energy supply by reacting with
carbon compounds of medium reduction level to produce
both CO2 and fully reduced carbon as CH4. The process
(the oldest biological ‘decay’ mechanism) may also be
called ‘fermentation’, but is usually called ‘digestion’
because of the similar process that occurs in the
digestive tracts of ruminant animals. The evolved mix of CO2
CH4 and trace gases is called biogas as a general term, but may be
named sewage gas or landfill-gas as appropriate.
Alcoholic fermentation.
Ethanol is a volatile liquid fuel that may be used in
place of refined petroleum. It is manufactured by the
action of micro-organisms and is therefore a
fermentation process. Conventional fermentation has
sugars as feedstock.
Biophotolysis.
Photolysis is the splitting of water into hydrogen and
oxygen by the action of light. Recombination occurs
when hydrogen is burnt or exploded as a fuel in air.
Certain biological organisms produce, or can be made
to produce, hydrogen in bio photolysis. Similar results
can be obtained chemically, without living organisms,
under laboratory conditions. Commercial exploitation of
these effects has not yet occurred,.
Agrochemical
Fuel extraction.
Occasionally, liquid or solid fuels may be obtained
directly from living or freshly cut plants. The materials
are called exudates and are obtained by cutting into
(tapping) the stems or trunks of the living plants or by
crushing freshly harvested material. A well-known similar
process is the production of natural rubber latex. Related
plants to the rubber plant Herea, such as species of
Euphorbia, produce hydrocarbons of less molecular
weight than rubber, which may be used as petroleum
substitutes and turpentine.
Biodiesel and esterification.
Concentrated vegetable oils from plants may be
used directly as fuel in diesel engines; indeed
Rudolph Diesel designed his original 1892
engine to run on a variety of fuels, including
natural plant oils. However, difficulties arise with
direct use of plant oil due to the high viscosity
and combustion deposits as compared with
standard diesel-fuel mineral oil, especially at low
ambient temperature ≤∼5C. Both difficulties are
overcome by converting the vegetable oil to the
corresponding ester, which is arguably a fuel
better suited to diesel engines than conventional
(petroleum-based) diesel oil.
Energy farming
We use this term in the very broadest sense to mean the production
of fuels or energy as a main or subsidiary product of agriculture
(fields), silviculture (forests), aquaculture (fresh and sea water), and
also of industrial or social activities that produce organic waste
residues, e.g. food processing, urban refuse.. The main purpose of
the activity may be to produce energy (as with wood lots), but more
commonly it is found best to integrate the energy and biofuel
production with crop or other biomass material products.
Wood resource
Wood is a renewable energy resource only if it is grown
as fast as it is consumed. Moreover there are ecological
imperatives for the preservation of natural woodland and
forests.
Pyrolysis (destructive distillation)
Pyrolysis is a general term for all processes whereby organic
material is heated or partially combusted to produce secondary
fuels and chemical products.
The input may be wood, biomass residues, municipal waste or
indeed coal. The products are gases, condensed vapours as
liquids, tars and oils, and solid residue as char (charcoal) and
ash. Traditional charcoal making is pyrolysis with the vapours
and gases not collected.
Gasification is pyrolysis adapted to produce a maximum
amount of secondary fuel gases.
The fuel products are more convenient, clean and transportable
than the original biomass. The chemical products are important as
chemical feedstock for further processes or as directly marketable
goods. Partial combustion devices, which are designed to
maximise the amount of combustible gas rather than char or
volatiles, are usually called gasifiers. The process is essentially
pyrolysis, but may not be described as such.
Pyrolysis systems. (a) Small-scale pyrolysis unit. (b) Traditional charcoal kiln
Alcoholic fermentation
Alcohol production methods
Ethanol, C2H5OH, is produced naturally by certain micro-organisms
from sugars under acidic conditions, i.e. pH 4 to 5. This alcoholic
fermentation process is used worldwide to produce alcoholic drinks.
The most common micro-organism, the yeast Saccharomyces
cerevisiae, is poisoned by C2H5OH concentration greater than 10%,
and so stronger concentrations up to 95% are produced by distilling
and fractionating When distilled, the remaining constant boiling
point mixture is 95% ethanol and 5% water. Anhydrous ethanol is
produced commercially with azeotropic removal of water by co-
distillation with solvents such as benzene
Ethanol fuel use
Liquid fuels are of great importance because of their ease of
handling and controllable combustion in engines. Anhydrous
ethanol is a liquid between −117 and+78C, with a flash point of 130
Cand an ignition temperature of 423C, and so has the
characteristics of a commercial liquid fuel, being used as a direct
substitute or additive for petrol (gasoline), and is used in three
ways:
As 95% (hydrous) ethanol, used directly in modified and
dedicated spark-ignition engines;
Mixed with the fossil petroleum in dry conditions to produce
gasohol, as used in unmodified spark-ignition engines, perhaps
retuned;
as an emulsion with diesel fuel for diesel compression engines
(this may be called diesohol, but is not common).
Energy Forms
Primary energy sources
(A) Fossil energy sources (B) Renewable energy sources (C) Nuclear fuels
• Hard coal • Water Uranium
• Brown coal • Sun Plutonium
• Petroleum • Wind Thorium
• Natural gas • Geothermal heat
• Oil shale • Tides
• Tar sand Biomass
• Gas hydrate
Secondary
Energy
Sources
• Biogas
• Landfill gas
Biogas
is the CH4/ CO2 gaseous mix evolved from digesters,
including waste and sewage pits; to utilise this gas, the
digesters are constructed and controlled to favour
methane production and extraction (Figure 11.7). The
energy available from the combustion of biogas is
between 60 and 90% of the dry matter heat of
combustion of the input material.
Composition and properties of biogas
Biogas is a mixture of gases that is composed
chiefly of:
· methane (CH4): 40-70 vol.%
· carbon dioxide (CO2): 30-60 vol.%
· other gases: 1-5 vol.%
including
· hydrogen (H2): 0-1 vol.%
· hydrogen sulfide (H2S): 0-3 vol.%
Like those of any pure gas, the characteristic properties of biogas
are pressure and temperature-dependent. They are also affected
by the moisture content
Biogas Calorific Value
E = Hm Fm Vb
Where:
Hm – Heat combustion of Methane (65m/kg,
28Mj/m2).
Fm _ Percentage Fraction of Methane in Biogas
(0.7).
Vb – Volume of Biogas, m3.
The efficiency of biogas burners, (0.6
Calorific Value of Biogas
The calorific value of biogas is about 6 kWh/m3 - this
corresponds to about half a liter of diesel oil. The net
calorific value depends on the efficiency of the burners or
appliances. Methane is the valuable component under the
aspect of using biogas as a fuel.
Biogas properties
Constituent By volume By mass
CO2 19% 37.38%
N2 6.5% 8.14%
O2 1.5% 2.15%
CH4 73% 52.34%
H2S 20 ppm
Density 0.9145 kg/m3 (273 K, 1 at)
LHV 26.17 MJ/kg
(A/F)s,CH4 17.23
Pure methane at standard temperature and pressure has a lower
heating value of approximately 912 Btu/ft3. Typical biogas of 65%
methane has a heating value of approximately 600 Btu/ft3 since only
the methane portion will burn. Approximate equivalents of biogas to
other fuels arc presented in Table.
. Fuel Equivalents of Biogas (per 1000 ft3)'
600 fts of natural gas
6.6 gal. of propane
5.9 gal. of butane
4.7 gal. of gasoline
4.3 gal. of #2 fuel oil
44 Ib. of bituminous coal
100 Ib. of medium-dry wood
* Biogas with 65% methane
Application 1m3 biogas equivalent
Lighting
Cooking
Fuel replacement
Shaft power
Electricity generation
equal to 60 -100 watt bulb for 6 hours
can cook 3 meals for a family of 5 - 6
0.7 kg of petrol
can run a one horse power motor for 2 hours
can generate 1.25 kilowatt hours of electricity
Table 1: some biogas equivalents
Source: adapted from Kristoferson, 1991.
Anaerobic digestion proceeds in three distinct steps:
1. A group of deferent reactions mediated by several types of
fermentative bacteria degrade various substances into
fragments of lower molecular mass (polysaccharides into sugars,
proteins into peptides and amino acids, fats into glycerin and
fatty acids, nucleic acids into nitrogen heterocycles, ribose, and
inorganic phosphates).
2. Further degradation is promoted by acetogenic bacteria that
convert the alcohols and higher acids into acetic acid, hydrogen
and carbon dioxide.
3. The acetic acid, hydrogen and carbon dioxide produced in
Steps 1 and 2 are used by methanogenic bacteria y to produce
methane and carbon dioxide from the acid and methane and
water from the hydrogen and carbon dioxide.
Biochemistry
Methanogens use a number of different ways
to produce methane
Using ethanoate (acetate) that may be derived
from the decomposition of cellulose:
CH3COO+ + H- CH4 + CO2 +36 kJ mol-1
Or using hydrogen and carbon dioxide produced
by the decomposers:
4 H2 + CO2 CH4 + 2 H2O +130.4 kJ mol-1
Reduce
- Smell
- Greenhouse gas
- Pathogen level
Produce biogas
Improve fertilizer value of manure
Protect water resources
• Biogas typically refers to a gas produced by the
biological breakdown of organic matter in the
absence of oxygen.
Source: MNES Report, Renewable Energy in India and business opportunities, MNES. Govt. of India, New Delhi, 2001
BIOGAS PRODUCTION PROCESS
Biogas production process (Anaerobic digestion) is a multiple-stage process in
which some main stages are:
Cellulose decomposing
Soluble Acid Organic
organism
compound bacteria acids
Cellulose
Protein
s
Stage (1) CH4 – CO2
Stage (3)
Better
Waste – Cooking
sanitation
sewage Biogas plant
manure .etc Biogas Water
Pumping
Slurry Water
Manure
heating
Industries
Fertilizer
Misc. uses
Add- food
Production
Out let
Digester
Outlet
In let
Pipe Out let
Pipe
Digester Benefits:
Capacity to maintain steady
pressure of biogas by the
movement of gas holder
• Grass
• Bio wastes from slaughter houses
• Breweries and distilleries
• Fruit and wine press houses
• Dairies
• The cellulose industry or sugar production
Anaerobic Digesters Types
Calculations and sizing
• Hydraulic Retention Time (HRT)
• The number of days the materials stays in the tank
or digesters is called the Hydraulic Retention Time
or HRT.
• The Hydraulic Retention Time equals the volume of the
tank divided by the daily flow
• (HRT=V/Q).
• The hydraulic retention time is important since it
establishes the quantity of time available for
bacterial growth and subsequent conversion of
the organic material to gas.
• Solids Retention Time (SRT)
• The Solids Retention Time (SRT) is the most
important factor controlling the conversion of
solids to gas. It is also the most important factor
in maintaining digester stability. Although the
calculation of the solids retention time is often
improperly stated, it is the quantity of solids
maintained in the digester divided by the quantity
of solids wasted each day.
• SRT =(V ) (Cd )/ (Qw ) (Cw )
• Where
• V is the digester volume; Cd is the solids concentration in the
digester; Qw is the volume wasted each day
• and Cw is the solids concentration of the waste.
Calculations
Digesters sizing
• The energy available from a biogas digester is given by:
• E =η HbVb
• Where η is the combustion efficiency of burners, boilers, etc.
(∼60%).
• Hb is the heat of combustion per unit volume biogas
(20MJm−3 at 10 cm water gauge pressure, 0.01 atmosphere)
• V b is the volume of biogas.
• E =η HmfmVb
• where Hm is the heat of combustion of methane (56MJkg−1,
28MJm−3 at STP) and fm is the fraction of methane in the
biogas. As from the digester, fm should be between 0.5 and
0.7, but it is not difficult to pass the gas through a counter
flow of water to dissolve the CO2 and increase fm to nearly
1.0
• The volume of biogas is given by
Vb= Cm0
• where C is the biogas yield per unit dry
mass of whole input 02–04m kg3 −1
•
Home work
• Calculate
• (1) the volume of a biogas digester
suitable for the output of 6000 pigs,
• (2) the power available from the
digester,
• assuming a retention time of 20 days
and a burner efficiency of 0.6.
• Example: a 2000 tons of cow dung with 8% DM
and 80% total organic matter in dry fraction
• Find the gas volume if the unit weight of dry DM
450m3/ ton?
• Solution;
• 1-DM dry=(total DM X % weight in DM)
• Dry weight= 0.08*2000= 160 ton
• 2-Gas volume
• Vgas= DM X %DM X OM (% CH4) XVBM
• = 0.80*450*160=57600 m3 of Biogas
• Or Vgas= Ms*DM*Fb*C=2000*0.08*0.8*450=
• =57600 m3
• The Wet weight of waste or manure; This weight
depends on animals type and their daily waste
production & its density
• Wm=Wa* n* 365/1000
• Where
• Wm- the manure wright ton/year
• Wa- animal waste kg/day
• N- number of animals
• Example:
• A farmer have a 20 cows the daily waste production of
the cow is2 kg/day find the total waste ton/year?
• Solution
• Wm=Wa* n* 365/1000 =2*20*365/1000=14.6 ton/year
• 2- if the manure density is 50kg/m3 and the waste needs 25
days to digest find the digester size?
• Manure volume
• Vman=Wm/p =14.6*1000/50= 292 m3
• Digester volume or size
• Vdig= Vman* t ret/365 = 292*25/365=20m3
• 3- if the biogas has a 0.25 m3/kg production rate
and 80% of CH4
Find the daily gas production for this farmer?
• Dry weigt=n*Wa- animal waste kg/day=40 kg
• biogas volume/day=Dm* production rate *%CH4=
• =40*0.25*0.8= 8 m3/day
• 4-
• If the calorific value of biogas in the previous example is
28000 kj/m3
• Find total heat energy of the efficiency of burning gas is
70%?
• E methan= Vbiogas*Hm*ηcomp = 8*28000* 0.7= 156800 kj/day
• =156.8 MJ/day
Design & Specification
ITEM QTY. RATE AMT.
TANK(500 ltr) 1 1500 1500
TANK(400 ltr) 1 1200 1200
90mm “T” 1 90 90
90mm Female Adapter 1 60 60
90mm Male Adapter 2 60 120
End Cap 1 50 50
90mm PVC pipe 10ft 6/ft 60
63mm Elbow 1 50 50
63mm Check nut GI 1 100 100
63mm Male Adapter 2 50 100
63mm PVC Pipe 10ft 3/ft 30
Ball Valve 1 750 750
90mm Barrel Piece 1 100 100
63mm Barrel Piece 1 80 80
½” Metal elbow 1 40 40
Epoxy hardener 30gms 50
Pvc solution 100ml 50
Gas collector hdpe(250 ltr) 1 500 500
Fabrication charges 2000 2000
Foundation and support 1000 1000
Total 8045/-
10/17/2019 YCCE 70
Fabrication
Saquib 72
Digester
10/17/2019 YCCE 73
Gas Collector
10/17/2019 YCCE 74
Gas Valve
10/17/2019 YCCE 75
Biogas flame
BIOGAS PRODUCTION PROCESS