SIMULATION SYSTEMS

BASIC CONCEPTS 1
 SYSTEM SIMULATION

• System simulation help an engineer or a

scientist to study a system with the help of
mathematical models and computers.
• System simulation is nothing but an
experiment with the help of computers,
without performing actual experiment.
• It saves lot of money which is required, if we
actually perform experiments with the real
system.
 WHAT IS A SYSTEM?

• A broader definition of a system is, “Any object

which has some action to perform and is
dependent on number of objects called entities, is
a system”.
 EXAMPLE OF A SYSTEM

• A class room, a college, or a university is a

system.
• University consists of number of colleges (which
are entities of the system called university) and
a college has class rooms, students, laboratories
and lot many other objects, as entities.
• Each entity has its own attributes or properties.
• For example attribute of a student is to study
and work hard.
 EXAMPLE OF A SYSTEM

• Each college in itself can be treated as a complete

system.
• If we combine few of these objects, joined in some
regular interactions or inter-dependence, then this
becomes a large system.
• we can say university is a large system. whereas
college is a system.
• This means, each system can be divided into
blocks, where each block is in itself a complete and
independently working system.
• When these blocks are combined, depending on
some interdependence, they become entities of a
larger system.
 EXAMPLE OF A SYSTEM 2

• A factory consisting of various units

such as procurement department,
fabrication and sale
• department is also a system.
• Each department of the factory, on
which it depends, is an independent
system and can be modeled
independently.
SYSTEMS AND THEIR COMPONENTS
 EXOGENOUS AND ENDOGENOUS
SYSTEMS
• Sometimes the system is effected by the
environment. Such a system is called exogenous.
• If it is not effected by the environment, it is called
endogenous.
• the economic model of a country is effected by the
world economic conditions, and is exogenous
model.
• Aircraft flight is exogenous, as flight profile is
effected by the weather conditions.
STATIC SYSTEM AND DYNAMIC SYSTEM

• Systems broadly can be divided into two types,

static system and dynamic system.
• If a system does not change with time, it is called a
Static System
• if changes with time, it is called a Dynamic System.
 SCIENTIFIC TECHNIQUES

• Scientific techniques used in system studies

can also broadly be divided into two types:
1. Deterministic studies and
2. Probabilistic studies.
 DETERMINISTIC STUDIES

• Deterministic studies are the techniques,

where results are known exactly.
• One can represent system in the form of
mathematical equations and these
equations may be solved by analytic
methods or by numerical computations.
• Numerical computations is one of the
important tools in system analysis and comes
to rescue the system analyst, where
analytical solutions are not feasible.
 CONTINUOUS AND DISCRETE

• Apart from the two types of studies given above,

system can be defined as:
i. Continuous and
ii. Discrete.
• Fluid flow in a pipe, motion of an aircraft or
trajectory of a projectile, are examples of
continuous systems.
• Examples of discrete systems are, a factory where
products are produced and marketed in lots.
• Another example of discrete system is firing of a gun
on an enemy target.
CONTINUOUS AND DISCRETE SYSTEMS

• Deterministic studies are the techniques,

where results are known exactly.
• One can represent system in the form of
mathematical equations and these
equations may be solved by analytic
methods or by numerical computations.
• Numerical computations is one of the
important tools in system analysis and comes
to rescue the system analyst, where
analytical solutions are not feasible.
 SIMULATION AND EXPERIMENT

• It is important to conduct experiments to

confirm theoretically developed mathematical
models.
• Not only the experiments are required for the
validation of the theoretical models but various
parameters required for the development of
theoretical models are also generated by
experimental techniques.
• For example to study the performance of an
aircraft, various parameters like drag, lift and
moment coefficients are needed, which can
only be determined experimentally in the wind
tunnel.