THE CHILD

Prepared by:
Jorie Czyra A. Calzita
 THE CHILD
A person below the age
of 18, unless the laws
of a particular country
set the legal age for
adulthood younger.
- United Nations Convention on the
Rights of Children (UNCRC)
 THE CHILD
-Special Protection of Children Against
Abuse, Exploitation and Discrimination Act
“Children” refers to persons
below eighteen (18) years of
age or those over but are
unable to fully take care of
themselves or protect
themselves from abuse,
neglect, cruelty, exploitation
or discrimination because of a
physical or mental disability or
condition;
Characteristics
of a Child
CHARACTERISTICS OF A CHILD
Age Group Characteristics

• Unable to feed
themselves.
• Totally dependent on
adults for care and
survival

0-5
CHARACTERISTICS OF A CHILD
Age Group Characteristics

• Short attention span

• Curious
• Dependent
• Self-absorbed

6-9
CHARACTERISTICS OF A CHILD
Age Group Characteristics
• Very active.
• Needs guidance from adults in doing tasks.
• Admires and imitates older boys and girls.
• Extremely curious.
• Have limited decision making ability.
• Are interested in activities involving boys
and girls.
• Are interested in sports and active games.
10-12 • Want to explore.
CHARACTERISTICS OF A CHILD
Age Group Characteristics
• Concerned about acceptance by peers, about
belonging.
• Self-conscious.
• Still require parental guidance but beginning to
seek independence.
• Peer pressure mounts, first from same sex, then
from opposite sex.
• Need freedom from parental control to make
decisions.
13 to less than 18
• Want adult leadership roles.
years old • Strong desire for status in peer group.
 Cognitive Development of a Child

•How children think, explore and figure things out.

•It is the development of knowledge, skills, problem solving and
dispositions, which help children to think about and understand the
world around them.
Child Development Theory
 Recap
1. Freud's Psychosexual
Developmental Theory
2. Erikson's Psychosocial
Developmental Theory
3. Behavioral Child Development
Theories
4. Piaget's Cognitive
Developmental Theory
5. Bowlby's Attachment Theory
6. Bandura's Social Learning
Theory Child Development Theory
7. Vygotsky's Sociocultural Theory
 Freud's Psychosexual
Developmental Theory

Child Development Theory

 Freud's Psychosexual
Developmental Theory
• Freud believed that childhood experiences and unconscious
desires influenced behavior.
• Conflicts that occur during each of these stages can have a
lifelong influence on personality and behavior.
• Child development occurs in a series of stages focused on
different pleasure areas of the body. During each stage, the
child encounters conflicts that play a significant role in the
course of development.

Child Development Theory

 Freud's Psychosexual
Developmental Theory
• Successfully completing each stage leads to the
development of a healthy adult personality. Failing to resolve
the conflicts of a particular stage can result in fixations
that can then have an influence on adult behavior.
• While some other child development theories suggest that
personality continues to change and grow over the entire
lifetime, Freud believed that it was early experiences that
played the greatest role in shaping development. According
to Freud, personality is largely set in stone by the age of
five.
Child Development Theory
 Erikson's Psychosocial
Developmental
• Psychoanalytic theory
Theory
• Erikson's eight-stage theory of psychosocial development
describes growth and change throughout life, focusing on
social interaction and conflicts that arise during different
stages of development.
• While Erikson’s theory of psychosocial development shared
some similarities with Freud's, it is dramatically different in
many ways. Rather than focusing on sexual interest as a
driving force in development, Erikson believed that social
interaction and experience played decisive roles.

Child Development Theory

Erikson's Psychosocial
Developmental Theory

Child Development Theory

 Behavioral Child
Development Theories
• According to the behavioral perspective, all human behavior
can be described in terms of environmental influences. Some
behaviorists, such as John B. Watson and B.F. Skinner,
insisted that learning occurs purely through processes of
association and reinforcement.
• Behavioral theories of child development focus on how
environmental interaction influences behavior and are
based on the theories of theorists such as John B. Watson,
Ivan Pavlov, and B. F. Skinner. These theories deal only with
observable behaviors.

Child Development Theory

 Behavioral Child
Development Theories
• Development is
considered a
reaction to
rewards,
punishments,
stimuli, and
reinforcement.
Child Development Theory
 Piaget's Cognitive
Developmental Theory
• Cognitive theory is concerned with the development of a person's
thought processes. It also looks at how these thought processes
influence how we understand and interact with the world.
• Children think differently than adults .
• His cognitive theory seeks to describe and explain the
development of thought processes and mental states. It also looks
at how these thought processes influence the way we understand
and interact with the world.
• Piaget then proposed a theory of cognitive development to account
for the steps and sequence of children's intellectual development.

Child Development Theory

 Piaget's Cognitive
Developmental Theory
• Children move through four different stages of mental
development. His theory focuses not only on understanding
how children acquire knowledge, but also on understanding
the nature of intelligence.
• Children’s minds were not merely smaller versions of adult
minds.
• Intelligence is something that grows and develops through a
series of stages.
• “They simply think differently”.

Child Development Theory

 Piaget's Cognitive
Developmental Theory

Child Development Theory

 Piaget's Cognitive
Developmental Theory
• Sensorimotor stage: birth to 2 years
- Sensory experiences and manipulating objects.
- Basic reflexes, senses, and the motor response.
• Preoperational stage: ages to 2 to 7
-Think symbolically and learn to use words and pictures to represent objects. (egocentric)
• Concrete operational stage: ages 7 to 11
- Think logically about concrete events and understand the concept of observation. (logic &
reasoning) (less egocentric)
• Formal operational stage: ages 12 and up
- Think abstractly and reason about hypothetical problems.
- Teens begin to think more about moral, philosophical, ethical, social, and political issues
that require theoretical and abstract reasoning.

Child Development Theory

 Bowlby's Attachment Theory
• Early relationships with caregivers play a major role in child
development and continue to influence social relationships throughout
life.
• Bowlby's attachment theory suggested that children are born with an
innate need to form attachments. Such attachments aid in survival by
ensuring that the child receives care and protection. Not only that,
but these attachments are characterized by clear behavioral and
motivational patterns.
• In other words, both children and caregivers engage in behaviors
designed to ensure proximity. Children strive to stay close and
connected to their caregivers who in turn provide a safe haven and a
secure base for exploration.
Child Development Theory
Bowlby's Attachment Theory

Child Development Theory

 Bandura's Social Learning
Theory
• Bandura believed that the conditioning and reinforcement
process could not sufficiently explain all of human learning.
• For example, how can the conditioning process account for
learned behaviors that have not been reinforced through
classical conditioning or operant conditioning?
• Behaviors can also be learned through observation and
modeling. By observing the actions of others, including
parents and peers, children develop new skills and acquire
new information.

Child Development Theory

 Bandura's Social Learning
Theory

• Bandura's child development theory suggests that observation plays

a critical role in learning, but this observation does not necessarily
need to take the form of watching a live model.
Child Development Theory
 Vygotsky's Sociocultural
Theory
• Lev Vygotsky proposed a seminal learning theory that has gone on to
become very influential, especially in the field of education. Like Piaget,
Vygotsky believed that children learn actively and through hands-on
experiences. His sociocultural theory also suggested that parents,
caregivers, peers and the culture at large were responsible for
developing higher order functions.
• Learning is an inherently social process. Through interacting with others,
learning becomes integrated into an individual's understanding of the
world.
• This child development theory also introduced the concept of the zone
of proximal development, which is the gap between what a person can
do with help and what they can do on their own. It is with the help of
more knowledgeable others that people are able to progressively learn
and increase their skills and
Childscope of understanding.
Development Theory
Quiz
Direction: Read CAREFULLY the questions before
answering. No Erasure
1. Get a 1/4 crosswise sheet of paper, then write your complete name on
the upper left corner.
2. Tap the shoulder of the person beside you.
3. Does Erikson’s theory of psychosocial development shared some
similarities with Freud's?
4. Did you learn something? If yes please specify
5. What is cognitive development?
6. What does UNCR stand for?
7. Do you think those theories discuss have the same objectives? Explain
your answer.
8. Crumple your paper
9. Then throw it on the garbage.
10. Follow only No. 1 
Write ________ if your answer is
true, then __________if false.

1.

2.