ZigBee

IEEE 802.15.4
Standard
Presentation By:
Sandeep Kumar(0552092807)
Amit Kumar(0722092807)
VIIth Semester (ECE)
 Presentation Outline

PART –I
• What is ZigBee ?
• Why ZigBee?
• ZigBee Devices & Topologies
• ZigBee Products & Applications
• Comparison between ZigBee & other Wireless
Technologies

PART-II
•
• ZigBee/802.15.4 architecture
• Wireless Market
• Conclusions- Pros & Cons

WHAT IS
z

ZIGBEE
 ZigBee
• Technological Standard Created for
Control and Sensor Networks
• ZigBee is an “Adhoc Network”.
• Based on the IEEE 802.15.4
Standard.
• Wireless Personal Area Network.
• Created by the ZigBee Alliance
•

 Origin Of Name ZigBee
• The domestic honeybee lives in a hive that
contains a queen, a few male drones,
and thousands of worker bees. The
survival, success, and future of the
colony is dependent upon continuous
communication of vital information
between every member of the colony.
The technique that honey bees use to
communicate new-found food sources to
other members of the colony is referred
to as the ZigBee Principle. Using this
silent, but powerful communication
system, whereby the bee dances in a
zig-zag pattern, she is able to share
information such as the location,
distance, and direction of a newly
 What is ZigBee Alliance?
• An organization with a mission to
define reliable, cost effective, low-
power, wirelessly networked,
monitoring and control products
based on an open global standard
• Alliance provides interoperability,
certification testing, and branding
•

6
ZigBee Alliance - Members

and many more....

 Why choose ZigBee?
• Low data rate but Reliable
• Supports large number of nodes
• Easy to deploy
• Very long battery life (Low power
consumption)
• Secure

• Low cost

• Can be used globally


 Continued……………
• Support for low latency devices.
• CSMA-CA channel access.
• Extremely low duty-cycle (<0.1%).
 Frequencies and Data Rates



868
BAND COVERAGE DATA RATE
MHz CHANNEL(S
915
2MHz
. 4 G H z ISM Worldwide 250 kbps 11 - 26
Europ
ISM
e
Ameri
20
cas
kbps
40
0
kbps

1 - 10
 IEEE 802.15.4 device types
• There are two different device types :
– A full function device (FFD)
– A reduced function device (RFD)

• The FFD can operate in three modes

serving
– Device
– Coordinator
– PAN coordinator

• The RFD can only operate in a mode

serving: 11
 IEEE 802.15.4 Device Features
• Full function device (FFD)
– Any topology
– Network coordinator capable
– Talks to any other device
–
• Reduced function device (RFD)
– Limited to star topology
– Cannot become a network
coordinator
– Talks only to a network coordinator
– Very simple implementation
ZigBee Network Devices
 Topologies
• Star
Mesh

PAN coordinator
Cluster Tree
Full Function Device
Reduced Function Devic
 ZigBee Products
• Development Kits
• Sensors
• Transceivers
• Modules

 Applications
Monitors TV
Sensors VCR
Automation DVD/CD
Control Remote
Control
INDUSTRIAL & COMMERCIAL CONSUMER ELECTRONICS

Monitors Z ig B e e Mouse
Diagnostics LOW DATA-RATE Keyboard
Sensors RADIO DEVICES Joystick
PERSONAL HEALTH CARE PC & PERIPHERALS

Security
Consoles HVAC
Portables Lighting
Educational
TOYS &
GAMES HOME AUTOMATION
 Wireless Standards
ZigBee™ Bluetooth™ Wi-Fi™ 802.11b GPRS/GSM
Application Focus 802.15.4
Monitoring & 802.15.1
Cable Replacement 1XRTT/CDMA
Web, Video, Email WAN, Voice/Data
System Resource Control
4KB-32KB 250KB+ 1MB+ 16MB+
Battery Life(days) 100-1000+ 1-7 .1-5 1-7
Nodes Per Network 255/65K+ 7 30 1,000
Bandwidth (kbps) 20-250 720 11,000+ 64-128
Range(meters) 1-100 1-10 1-100 >1,000
Key Attributes Reliable, Cost, Speed, Flexibility Reach, Quality
Low Power, Convenience
Cost Effective
 ZigBee/802.15.4
architecture
• ZigBee Alliance
– 45+ companies: semiconductor mfrs, IP providers, OEMs, etc.
– Defining upper layers of protocol stack: from network to
application, including application profiles
– First profiles published mid 2003
• IEEE 802.15.4 Working Group
– Defining lower layers of protocol stack: MAC and PHY

Applications

Application Framework

Network& Security ZigBee

Specification
A pplication
MAC Layer
802.15.4 ZigBee stack
PHY Layer
H ardware
22
 How is ZigBee related to IEEE
802.15.4?
• ZigBee takes full advantage of a
powerful physical radio specified by
IEEE 802.15.4
!
• ZigBee adds logical network, security
and application software
• ZigBee continues to work closely
with the IEEE to ensure an
integrated and complete solution
for the market

23
IEEE 802.15.4 PHY overview
• PHY functionalities:
– Activation and deactivation of the
radio transceiver
– Energy detection within the current
channel
– Link quality indication for received
packets
– Clear channel assessment for CSMA-
CA
– Channel frequency selection
– Data transmission and reception 24
IEEE 802.15.4 PHY overview
• Operating frequency bands

868 MHz / Channel 0 Channels 1-10

2 MHz
915MHz
PHY
868.3 MHz 902 MHz 928 MHz

2.4
GHz Channels 11-26 5 MHz
PHY

2.4 GHz 2.4835 GHz

25
 Frequency bands and data
rates
• The standard specifies two PHYs :
– 868 MHz/915 MHz direct sequence
spread spectrum (DSSS) PHY (11
channels)
• 1 channel (20Kb/s) in European
868MHz band
• 10 channels (40Kb/s) in 915 (902-
928)MHz ISM band
– 2450 MHz direct sequence spread
spectrum (DSSS) PHY (16 channels)
• 16 channels (250Kb/s) in 2.4GHz band
26
 PHY frame structure
• PHY packet fields
– Preamble (32 bits) – synchronization
– Start of packet delimiter (8 bits) –
shall be formatted as “11100101”
– PHY header (8 bits) –PSDU length
PSDU (0PHYtoHeader
Sync– Header 127 bytes)PHY
– data
Payload field
Start of Frame Reserve PHY Service

Preamble Packet Length ( 1 bit ) Data Unit ( PSDU )
Delimiter ( 7 bit )

4 Octets 1 Octets 1 Octets

0-127 Bytes

27
 IEEE 802.15.4 MAC
Beacon
Superframe Beacon

CAP CFP

GTS GTS
Inactive
0 1

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15

SD = aBaseSuperframeDuration *2SO symbols (Active )

BI = aBaseSuperframeDuration*2BO symbols

• A superframe is divided into two parts

– Inactive: all devices sleep
– Active:
• Active period will be divided into 16 slots
• 16 slots can further divided into two parts
» Contention access period
» Contention free period

28
 Superframe
• Beacons are used for
– starting superframes
– synchronizing with associated devices
– announcing the existence of a PAN
– informing pending data in coordinators
• In a beacon enabled network,
– Devices use the slotted CAMA/CA
mechanism to contend for the usage of
channels
– FFDs which require fixed rates of
transmissions can ask for guarantee
time slots (GTS) from the coordinator
29
 Superframe
• The structure of superframes is controlled
by two parameters: beacon order (BO)
and superframe order (SO)
– BO decides the length of a superframe
– SO decides the length of the active potion in
a superframe


• For a beacon-enabled network, the setting

of BO and SO should satisfy the
relationship 0≦SO≦BO≦14
• For channels 11 to 26, the length of a
superframe can range from 15.36 msec to
215.7 sec. 30
 Superframe
• Each device will be active for 2-(BO-SO)
portion of the time, and sleep for 1-
2-(BO-SO) portion of the time
• In IEEE 802.15.4, devices’ duty cycle
follow the specification
•
BO-SO 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 ≧10
Duty cycle (%) 100 50 25 12 6.25 3.125 1.56 0.78 0.39 0.195 < 0.1

31
 Data transfer model (device to
coordinator)
• Data transferred from device to coordinator
– In a beacon-enable network, device finds the beacon to
synchronize to the superframe structure. Then using
slotted CSMA/CA to transmit its data.
– In a non beacon-enable network, device simply
transmits its data using unslotted CSMA/CA

C o m m u n ica tio n to a co o rd in a to r
In a n o n b e a co n - e n a b le d network
C o m m u n ica tio n to a co o rd in a to r
In a b e a co n - e n a b le d network
32
 Data transfer model (coordinator to
device)
• Data transferred from
coordinator to device
– In a beacon-enable
network, the
coordinator
indicates in the
beacon that the
data is pending.
Device
periodically
listens to the
beacon and
transmits a MAC C o m m u n ica tio n fro m a co o rd in a to r
command In a b e a co n - e n a b le d network
request using
slotted CSMA/CA
if necessary.

33
Data transfer model (coordinator to
device)
• Data transferred from
coordinator to device
– In a non-beacon-
enable network,
a device
transmits a MAC
command
request using
unslotted
CSMA/CA. If the
coordinator has C o m m u n ica tio n fro m a co o rd in a to r
its pending data, in a n o n b e a co n - e n a b le d network
the coordinator
transmits data
frame using
unslotted
CSMA/CA.
Otherwise,
coordinator
transmits a data
34
frame with zero
Channel access mechanism
• Two type channel access mechanism:
– In non-beacon-enabled networks 
unslotted CSMA/CA channel access
mechanism
– In beacon-enabled networks  slotted
CSMA/CA channel access
mechanism

35
 CSMA/CA algorithm
• In slotted CSMA/CA
– The backoff period boundaries of
every device in the PAN shall be
aligned with the superframe slot
boundaries of the PAN coordinator
• i.e. the start of first backoff period of
each device is aligned with the start
of the beacon transmission
– The MAC sublayer shall ensure that
the PHY layer commences all of its
transmissions on the boundary of a
backoff period 36
 CSMA/CA algorithm
• Each device shall maintain three
variables for each transmission
attempt
– NB: number of time the CSMA/CA
algorithm was required to backoff while
attempting the current transmission
– CW: contention window length, the
number of backoff periods that needs
to be clear of channel activity before
transmission can commence (initial to
2 and reset to 2 if sensed channel to
be busy)
– BE: the backoff exponent which is
related to how many backoff periods a
device shall wait before attempting to 37
Slotted CSMA/CA

38
Unslotted
CSMA/CA

39
 GTS concepts
• A guaranteed time slot (GTS) allows a
device to operate on the channel
within a portion of the superframe
• A GTS shall only be allocated by the
PAN coordinator
• The PAN coordinator can allocated up to
seven GTSs at the same time
• The PAN coordinator decides whether to
allocate GTS based on:
– Requirements of the GTS request
– The current available capacity in the
superframe
40
 GTS concepts
• A GTS can be deallocated
– At any time at the discretion of the PAN
coordinator or
– By the device that originally requested the
GTS
• A device that has been allocated a GTS may
also operate in the CAP
• A data frame transmitted in an allocated
GTS shall use only short addressing
• The PAN coordinator shall be able to store
the info of devices that necessary for GTS,
including starting slot, length, direction
and associated device address 41
 GTS concepts
• Before GTS starts, the GTS direction
shall be specified as either transmit
or receive
• Each device may request one
transmit GTS and/or one receive
GTS
• A device shall only attempt to
allocate and use a GTS if it is
currently tracking the beacon
• If a device loses synchronization with
the PAN coordinator, all its GTS 42
 Association procedures
• A device becomes a member of a
PAN by associating with its
coordinator
Coordinator Device

• Procedures Scan
Association req. channel
– ACK

Make Beacon W ait for

decision (pending address
) response

Data req.

ACK

Association resp.

ACK 43
 Association procedures
• In IEEE 802.15.4, association results
are announced in an indirect
fashion
• A coordinator responds to association
requests by appending devices’
long addresses in beacon frames
• Devices need to send a data request
to the coordinator to acquire the
association result.
• After associating to a coordinator, a
device will be assigned a 16-bit 44
 The Wireless Market

TE GRAPHIC INTERNE HI-FI STREAMING DIGITA MULTI-CHANNEL

XT S T AUDIO VIDEO L VIDEO
VIDEO
>

WLAN
802.11b
RANGE

802.11a/HL2 & 802.11g

<

ZigBee WPAN
Bluetooth
SHORT
LONG

LOW < DATA RATE >

HIGH
 Pros and Cons
 Pros Cons


• good extension of •Not many end devices available

existing standards yet
• supported by many •Single point of failure
companies (centralized architecture)
• low power consumption
• low cost
• easy implemented
(Designer
concentrates on end
application)
• flexible network
structure
 Conclusion:
• ZigBee's current focus is to define a
general-purpose, inexpensive, self-
organizing, mesh network that can
be used for industrial control,
embedded sensing, medical data
collection, smoke and intruder
warning, building automation,
home automation , etc.
•
 o u
y !
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h a r t i o
T o
f en
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r a
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y