DATA COLLECTION AND

ORGANIZATION
Array
 An arrangement from highest to lowest or
from lowest to highest.
 Ex. Raw score
83 75
82 75
80 74
78 73
77 72
77 70
 Ungrouped Frequency
Distribution
 Data scores are arranged from highest to
lowest and the frequency of occurrence of
each score is indicated.

 Also called a single value grouping.

Ungrouped Frequency
Distribution
Raw Score Frequency
83 1
82 1
80 1
78 1
77 2
75 2
74 1
73 1
72 1
70 1
 Grouped Frequency
Distribution
 Data are grouped into categories or intervals.

 Constructed when dealing with large number

of cases.

 Grouping may result to loss of information.

 Individual scores lose their identity when

group into class intervals.
 Grouped Frequency
Distribution
Class Interval Frequency Cumulative Cumulative
 Ex. Frequency Percentage
Distribution
7-13 2 2 5.71
14-20 0 2 5.71
21-27 2 4 11.43
28-34 0 4 11.43
35-41 4 8 22.86
42-48 5 13 37.14
49-55 3 16 45.71
56-62 6 22 62.86
63-69 4 26 74.29
70-76 3 29 82.86
77-83 6 35 100.00
Procedure:
83 77 60 54 47 38
83 76 59 53 45 38
82 75 57 48 41 23
79 70 56 48 41 10
79 68 55 47 41 7

1. Find the difference of the lowest and highest

data. Add 1 to this difference to obtain the
total number of potential scores.
Ex. (83 – 7) + 1 = 77
Procedure:
2. Divide this number by the number of class
intervals that you decided to have to obtain the
number of scores or potential scores in each
class interval. If the result is not a whole
number, round it to the nearest whole number.
This number is called class size which is given
the symbol i. It is highly recommended that the
calculated value be rounded to the nearest
whole odd number so that the middle score in
each of the class intervals is a whole number.

 Suppose you decided to have 10 class intervals.

Ex. 77/10 = 7.7. The nearest whole number is 7.
Procedure:
3. Take the lowest score in the set of data as the
minimum value in the lowest class interval and
add i – 1 to this value to obtain the maximum
value or score in the lowest class interval.

Ex. 7 + 6 = 13. The lowest class interval is 7-13. It is

suggested that the minimum value in the lower
class interval is divisible by the class size (i). If
not, use the number lower than the lowest
score which is divisible by the class size.
Procedure:
4. The next class interval begins with a number
next to the maximum score of the lowest
interval.

 Lowest interval 7-13, the next number to 13

is 14. Then follow the same step from step
3to obtain the maximum score of the second
class interval. Follow the same procedure to
obtain the third and the rest of the class
interval.
Procedure:
5. Tally the frequency of each class interval.
Class Interval Frequency Cumulative Cumulative
Frequency Percentage
Distribution
7-13 2 2 6.67
14-20 0 2 6.67
21-27 1 3 10.00
28-34 0 3 10.00
35-41 5 8 26.67
42-48 5 13 43.33
49-55 3 16 53.33
56-62 4 20 60.67
63-69 1 21 70.00
70-76 3 24 80.00
77-83 6 30 100.00