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VCC
RB RC
Vout
Vin Qo
QI
RB RC RB RC
Vout V out
Vin
Qo V in Qo
QI
DI DL
– The advantage is that the BJT requires less silicon area and the
propagation delay is improved by a factor of 10.
– Therefore,
Vout = VOH = VCC
• VOL:
– As Vin is increased even more, QO comes closer to
Saturation and eventually saturates.
– At that point:
Vout = VOL = VCE,O (Sat)
V out
V OH = V CC
V OL = V CE (Sat)
VIn
VIL = VBE,O (FA) – VCE,I (Sat)
• Impossible!!
V CC
R R C
B
Vout
VB,I = ~1.4 V
Vout
VOH = VCC
VCC VCC
RB RC RB RC
VCC
Vout Vout
VA VA
Qo RB RC Qo
VB
DA DL
VB Vout VC
VA
Qo
DB
VC
VB
DC
VC
E3 E2 E1 C
approach 0.
– Therefore, QP and DL will start to go into cutoff mode.
– At that point,
RCP
Vout = VCC – IRC * RC – VBE,O (FA) – VD,L (ON) RB RC
Off
VBE,O ( FA)
I RC I RD
QP
QI VB,S
VA
RD Sat
QS
DL Off
VB FA
IE,S Vout
IB,O
DCA DCB QO
E. O. C
IRD RD
Therefore,
R
Vout VOB VCC VBE,O ( FA) C 1 VD, L (ON )
RD
• VOL: RB RC RCP
IRD RD
RC
– VOB VCC VBE ,O ( FA) 1 VD, L (ON )
RD
1.6k
– VOB 5 0.7 1 0.7 2.5 V
1k
– VIB = VBE,O (FA) + VBE,S (FA) – VCE,I (Sat) = 0.7 + 0.7 – 0.2 = 1.2 V
1 QI Sat
VOH = 3.6 V QS FA
2 2
QP & DL FA, On
QO Off
VOB = 2.5 V
QI Sat
3 3
QS FA
VCC
R’CP
VCC
RB RC RCP
Q’P
RB RC
QP
D’L
QI QS
DL
QI QS
Q’O
DCA QO
DCA
RD
RD
– IC,I = 0. DCA
RB
Digital Electronics ELE 450 Dr. Idrees Al-kofahi 28
IOL
• The low output comes from QO being saturated and both QP and
DL being off.
– IOL = IC,O
– IC,O = sbFIB,O VCC
• Max fan-out, when s = 1
– IB,O = IE,S – IRD RB RC RCP
VCC
VCC VB, I R’CP
I B,I FA RB RC RCP
RB Q’P IB,I
ON QP
D’L VB,I
QI QS
– Since QI is RA, IIH RA Sat
DL
Q’O
• IIH = IE,I = bR IB,I DCA QO
Sat
RD
RC RCP
FA
QP RB
QS
DL
ON
VB,I
OFF
QI
IOH
RA
• Therefore,
QO
Off
– VB,P > VB,I – VBE,I (FA) – VD,L (ON) – VBE,P (FA)
VCC VB , P
I B,P
RC
Off
QP
– QP is cut off QI QS
DL
Off
RA Sat
IRCP = 0.
DCA QO
Sat
– QS and QO are Sat. RD
– QI is RA, therefore
VCC VCB , I ( RA) VBE,S (Sat ) VBE,O (Sat )
I RB (OL)
RB
Digital Electronics ELE 450 Dr. Idrees Al-kofahi 34
TTL Power Dissipation
• Output High State: VCC
FA
QP
– If we assume no loads QI QS
DL
ON
Sat Off
IRCP = 0, IRC = 0.
DCA QO
Off
– QI is saturated and this gate RD
• VIB = 1.2 V
• VOL = 0.2 V QP
• IIL = 1 mA
• IOL = 100 mA DCA QO
– Max N = 100
1 k
• Ave. PDisp = 10 mW
• Propagation Delay = 10 nS
• PDP = 100
reduction in Fan-out 12 k
• In addition, a combination QP
known as the Darlington Pair QP2
Vin
replaces QP to increase the QI QS 4 k
amount of current that can be
supplied to the load when the Vout
output is switching from low DCA QO
to high.
470
• Of course, the price is
increased power dissipation.
– Ave. PDisp = 20 mW