The Human Eye

Optics
What do you see?
What do you see?
What do you see?
What do you see?
What do you see?
What do you see?
What do you see?
What do you see?
What do you see?
What do you see?
What do you see?
What do you see?
The Human Eye
Optics
Human eye

• sense organ capable of receiving visual

images, which are then carried to the brain
THE HUMAN EYE: 13.6
How Images Are Formed
• The human eye gathers light from objects.
• In a healthy eye, a smaller, inverted, real image of an
object is created on the retina at the back of the eye.
• Electrical impulses from the eye travel through the
optic nerve to the brain.
The brain
• Takes inverted image from the retina
and flips it so that the image we “see”
appears upright
In a healthy eye, a smaller, inverted, real image of an object is
created on the retina at the back of the eye.
Accommodation

• The process of accommodation makes it possible to create a

sharply focused image on the retina if an object is distant or
nearby.
• Accomodation -process by which the eye changes optical
power to maintain a clear image or focus on an object as its
distance varies
Parts of the Human Eye
Anatomy of the Eye
Parts of the Human Eye

Cornea
• clear front window of
the eye that transmits
and focuses light into
the eye
• located just in front of
the iris
• bends - or refracts - the
incoming light
Parts of the Human Eye

Iris

• Coloured part of eye

• helps regulate the

amount of light that
enters
Parts of the Human Eye

Pupil
• hole in the iris that
determines how
much light is let into
the eye
• changes in size
depending on the
amount of light
Parts of the Human Eye

Lens
• located directly
behind the pupil
• further focuses light
• automatically focus
on near and
approaching objects
Parts of the Human Eye

Retina
• light-sensitive inner
lining of the back of
the eye
• acts like a film in a
camera
• converts optical
images into
electronic signals
Parts of the Human Eye

Optic Nerve
• connects the eye to
the brain
• carries the electrical
impulses formed by
the retina to the
visual cortex of the
brain
Common Vision Problems

Hyperopia (Farsightedness)
• Can see distant objects well but far has difficulty
focusing on objects that are nearby

• Cause:
– distance between lens and retina is too small, or
cornea-lens combination is too weak
Hyperopia
Hyperopia

• Result: light from all nearby objects focuses behind

the retina
Hyperopia

• Solution:
a corrective converging lens (convex lens)
Common Vision Problems

Myopia (Nearsightedness)
• can see up close objects clearly but has difficulty
seeing distant objects
• Cause:
– Distance between lens and retina is too large, or
cornea-lens combination converges light too
strongly
Myopia
Common Vision Problems

• Result: light from distant objects is brought to focus

in front of the retina
Common Vision Problems

• Solution: a corrective diverging lens (concave lens)

Common Vision Problems

Presbyopia

• A form of far-sightedness caused by a loss

accommodation as a person ages
• occurs sometime after age 40
Common Vision Problems

Presbyopia

Solution:
- bifocal lens
Common Vision Problems

Astigmatism
• caused by the abnormal curvature of the
cornea
• common vision condition that causes blurred
vision
Astigmatism
Common Vision Problems

Glaucoma
• eye disease that is often associated with pressure in
which damage to the optic nerve can lead to loss of
vision and even blindness
Common Vision Problems

Cataract
• A clouding of the eye’s natural lens
• Blocks light from reaching the retina and interferes
with vision
Common Vision Problems

Color Blindness
• deficiency in the way one sees color

• also called color vision deficiency

• genetic condition
Common Vision Problems

Color Blindness
Common Vision Problems

Color Blindness