THE LIVING CELL

CELL THEORY
•ALL LIVING THINGS ARE MADE UP
OF ONE OR MORE CELLS
•CELLS ARE THE BASIC UNITS OF
STRUCTURE AND FUNCTION IN
LIVING THINGS
•ALL CELLS COME FROM PRE-
EXISTING CELLS
PARTS OF A CELL
ANIMAL CELL PLANT CELL
1. NUCLEAR MEMBRANE 1. VACUOLE
2. NUCLEUS 2. NUCLEUS
3. GOLGI COMPLEX 3. GOLGI COMPLEX
4. CENTRIOLE 4. CHLOROPLAST
5. CELL MEMBRANE 5. CELL WALL
6. CYTOPLASM 6. CYTOPLASM
7. MITOCHONDRION 7. MITOCHONDRION
8. SMOOTH ER 8. SMOOTH ER
9. ROUGH ER 9. ROUGH ER
10. NUCLEOLUS 10. NUCLEOLUS

11. LYSOSOME 11. LYSOSOME

 ALL CELLS ARE COMPOSED OF THE BASIC
STRUCTURES- CELL MEMBRANE, CYTOPLASM, AND
NUCLEUS
• Some organisms have CELL WALLS. Cell walls are found in plants,
fungi, and other unicellular organisms.
• CELL MEMBRANE – found in typical Animal cells. It is a thin,
flexible membrane that covers the cell. In a plant cell, the cell
membrane is found inside the cell wall.
• The function of the CELL MEMBRANE is to keep the Cytoplasm in
place, allow nutrients (water, food, etc.) in and waste products
out, and interact with things outside the cells. In plants, although
the cell wall is thick, it does allow water and gasses to pass
through
The CELL WALL of plants contains cellulose

• CELLULOSE is a non-living material.

• - is a long chain of sugar molecules that is
made by the cell. The cell wall also provides
strength and supports the cell membrane.
• - when too much water enters or leaves a
plant cell, the cell wall can prevent the
membrane from being torn. The strength of
billions of cell walls in plant enables a tree to
stand tall and its limbs to defy gravity.
NUCLEUS

• CONTROLS ALL CELLULAR ACTIVITIES

NUCLEAR MEMBRANE

• THE THIN MEMBRANE THAT SEPARATES THE

NUCLEUS FROM THE REST OF THE CELL. THIS
MEMBRANE IS SIMILAR TO THE CELL
MEMBRANE. IT ALLOWS MATERIALS TO PASS
INTO AND OUT OF THE NUCLEUS.
NUCLEOLUS
•A DARK SPOT THAT CAN BE SEEN INSIDE A
NUCLEUS
•IT LOOKS LIKE A SMALL NUCLEUS INSIDE A BIG
NUCLEUS
•THE NUCLEOLUS STORES THE MATERIALS
THAT WILL THAT WILL BE USED LATER TO
MAKE RIBOSOMES IN THE CYTOPLASM
CYTOPLASM
• LOCATED OUTSIDE THE NUCLEUS
• CLEAR, THICK, JELLYLIKE MATERIAL
• CONSTANTLY MOVING, CYTOPLASM REFERS TO ALL
PROTOPLASM, OR LIVING MATERIALS OF THE CELL,
OUTSIDE THE NUCLEUS.
• THE CYTOPLASM IS ALSO WHERE THE FOOD, WATER,
AND GASES FOR NON PHOTOSYNTHETIC ORGANISMS
TAKEN BY THE CELL ARE USED.
• ALSO CONTAINS OTHER STRUCTURES LIKE THE
VACOULES, LYSOSOMES, MITOCHONDRIA, RIBOSOMES,
AND ENDOPLASMIX RETICULUM
 CELL ORGANELLES
• RIBOSOMES – are tiny grain-like organelles that
make proteins.
The combine to make proteins. All cells have
ribosomes because all cells needs proteins to
live. Unlike most other organelles, ribosomes
are not covered with a membrane.
Protein- the building blocks of all cells, are
made up of chemicals known as Amino Acids.
ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM (ER)

• TRANSPORTS PROTEINS
• LOOKS LIKE FLATTENED SACKS STACKED SIDE BY SIDE OR A CLOTH
FOLDED BACK AND FORT
• A PORTION OF THE ER MAY BE COVERED W/ RIBOSOMES THAT MAKE
ITS SURFACE LOOK ROUGH. THIS IS CALLED ROUGH ER.
• SMOOTH ER IT PROCESSES LIPIDS AND CARBOHYDRATES, AND
GETS RID OF TOXIC WASTES.
MITOCHONDRIA

• SUPPLY MOST OF THE CELL’S ENERGY AND ARE OFTEN REFFERED TO

AS THE “POWERHOUSE OF THE CELL”
• THE ENERGY IS TRANSFERRED TO A SPECIAL MOLECULE THAT THE
CELL USES TO GET WORK DONE. THIS MOLECULE IS CALLED
ADENOSINE TRIPOSPHATE (ATP)
• CAN WORK ONLY IF THEY HAVE ATP.
 GOLGI BODY
• WHEN PROTEINS AND OTHER MATERIALS NEED TO BE PROCESSED AND
SHIPPED OUT OF THE EUKARYOTIC CELL, THE JOB GOES TO THE GOLGI
COMPLEX( GOLGI BODY/GOLGI APPARATUS)
• NAMED AFTER CAMILO GOLGI, AN ITALIAN SCIENTIST WHO FIRST
IDENTIFIED THIS ORGANELLE.
• LOOKS LIKE ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM BUT IS LOCATED CLOSER TO THE
CELL MEMBRANE
• PROTEINS FROM ER ARE DELIVERED TO THE GOLGI COMPLEX,WHERE
THEY ARE MODIFIED FOR DIFF. FUNCTIONS
• A PIECE OF THE MEBRANE OF THE GOLGI COMPLEX PINCHES OFF TO
FORM SMALL COMPARTMENTS,WHICH THEN TRANSPORT OTHER
PROTEINS TO OTHER PARTS OF THE CELL OR OUTSIDE THE CELL
 LYSOSOMES
• ARE SMALL, ROUNS STRUCTURES INVOLVED IN THE DIGESTIVE
ACTIVITIES OF THE CELL.
• CONTAIN ENZYMES THAT ACT ON FOOD PARTICLES
• ONCE DIGESTED, THE FOOD MOLECULES ARE RELEASED INTO THE
CYTOPLASM SO THAT THEY CAN BE USED BY THE CELLS.
• ALSO DESTROY WORN0OUT OR DAMAGED ORGANELLES.
• HELP GET RID OF WASTE MATERIALS AND PROTECT THE CELL FROM
FOREIGN INVADERS
• ARE COMMON IN ANIMAL CELLS BUT ARE NOT OFTEN OBSERVED IN
PLANT CELLS
 CHLOROPHYLL
• PRESENT IN GREEN LEAVES
• GREEN MATERIAL THAT REACTS WITH SUNLIGHT
• ISFOUND INSIDE LARGE, IRREGULARLY SHAPED GREEN STRUCTURES CALLED
CHLOROPLAST. IT TURNS A CHLOROPLAST INTO THE CELLS POWER PLANT.
• LEAF CELLS USE ENERGY FROM SUNLIGHTTO MAKE THEIR OWN FOOD IN A PROCESS
CALLED PHOTOSYNTHESIS
• THE SUGAR PROUCED FROM THIS PROCESS ISS USED BY THE MITOCHONDRIA TO
MAKE ATP.
•
VACOULES
• FLUID-FILLED ORGANELLES IN A CELL
• PLANT CELLS HAVE LARGE VACUOLES WHILE ANIMAL CELLS HAVE
FEW, SMALL ONES.
• VACUOLES ACT LIKE STORAGE TANKS. THEY STORE FOOD AND
OTHER MATERIALS NEEDED BY THE CELL.