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Gymnosperms &
Angiosperms
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Evolution Of Land Plants
REMEMBER:
• Terrestrial plants evolved from a
green algal ancestor
• The earliest land plants were
nonvascular, spore producers
(bryophytes)
• Ferns were the 1st vascular, spore
producing plants
• Gymnosperms & angiosperms were
the 1st vascular, seed plants
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Characteristics of Seed Plants
• Multicellular
• Autotrophic
• Alternation of
Generations
• Reproduce by Seeds
• Vascular tissue for
transport
• Heterosporous –
make female
megaspores & male
microspores Dandelion dispersing seeds
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Reasons for Success on Land
• Waxy cuticle
• Stomata with guard cells to open &
close
• Gametes protected in tissue called
Gametangia
• Pollen tube to transfer sperm to the
egg instead of water
• Seeds protect developing embryo &
contain food
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Seeds and Fruits
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Seeds
• Seeds contain a young,
developing plant embryo
• Seeds are covered with a
protective seed coat (testa)
• Inside is stored food or
endosperm that the young
plant uses as it begins to
sprout or germinate
• Seeds form from ripened
ovules after fertilization
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Parts of a Seed Embryo
• Primary root or Radicle
• One or two embryonic leaves called
Cotyledons
• Plumule becomes the shoot
• Stem like portion below cotyledons
called Hypocotyl
• Stem like portion above cotyledons
called Epicotyl
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Parts of a Seed
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Endosperm (3n)
Seed Coat
Cotyledon
Plumule
Epicotyl
Hypocotyl
Radicle
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Seed Dispersal
• Seeds must be
scattered (dispersed)
away from the parent
plant
• Testa (seed coats)
may last thousands of
years
• Seeds eaten by
animals aren’t digested
but pass out with
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wastes
Seed Dispersal
• Seeds may have adaptations such as
stickers, hooks, or fuzz to adhere
to animals
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Seed Dispersal
• Both water and
wind can scatter
seeds
Wind
Dispersal
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Water Dispersal
Seed Dispersal Methods
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Seed Germination
• Early growth of
plant embryo
• Begins when seed
absorbs water &
breaks seed coat
(testa)
• Embryo uses stored
food of cotyledons
to begin growing
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Fruits
• Form when ovary with ovules (eggs)
ripens
• May be dry and hardened (nuts)
• May be enlarged and fleshy
(berries, apples, tomatoes)
• Used to help disperse seeds
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Types of Fruits
• Simple fruits – form from a
single ovary (apple)
• Aggregate fruits – forms from
several ovaries of the same
flower (blackberry)
• Multiple fruit – forms from
several ovaries of different
flowers (inflorescence)
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Plants with Vascular
Tissue
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Taxonomy of Vascular Seed
Plants
• Phylum Gnetophyta: Ephedra,
Gnetum
• Phylum Cycadophyta: Cycads gymnosperrms
• Phylum Ginkgophyta: Ginkgo
• Phylum Coniferophyta:
Conifers
• Phylum Anthophyta: Flowering angiosperms
microsporangium megasporangiumx
microspores megasporesx
microgametophyte megagametophytex
antheridium archegonium
lsperm eggmm
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Seed plants (Ch.30)
Tiny gametophytes protected in ovules and pollen grains
Advantages of seeds
Gymnosperms have “naked seeds”
Angiosperms have seeds in fruits
Monocots
Eudicots
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12: Gymnosperms and
Angiosperms
• Gymnosperm
– Intro and evolution
– Life cycle and
reproduction
– Uses and significance
• Angiosperms:
Flowering plants
– Intro and evolution
– Life cycle and
reproduction
– Uses and significance
– Monocots vs. dicots
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Kingdom Plantae
• Evolutionary tree of plants
• From primitive more advanced
traits
Gymnosperms __________
_______
Bryophytes Flowers
________
Green
alga Vascular
ancestor
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GYMNOSPERMS
• Introduction – Gymnosperm means “naked
seed” (From the Greek: gymnos = naked;
sperm = seed)
• More advanced than ferns – do not have
spores, they have seeds.
• The seeds of the gymnosperms lack a
protective enclosure (unlike flowering
plants which have flowers and fruit).
• Examples of gymnosperms:
• Conifers (pine trees), cycads,
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Evolution of gymnosperms
• Gymnosperms evolved from fern-like
ancestors
• Advancements of gymnosperms over
ferns:
• 1. __________ (plant embryo, food
storage tissue, and seed coat)
• 2. Gymnosperms do not depend on water
for fertilization (have air-borne pollen)
• 3. Have a more dominant
_______________ generation
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• 4. Have a more efficient vascular
Gymnosperm life cycle
• Exhibits alternation of generations
• Sporophyte generation (2n) is dominant
• Gametophyte generation (1n) is contained in and
dependent on the sporophyte generation
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Gymnosperm lifecycle
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Sporophyte generation
• Sporophyte produces two types of spores
(heterosporous)
• Megasporangium – undergoes
meiosis to produce megaspores
(female gametophyte)
• ________sporangium – undergoes
meiosis to produce haploid microspores,
germinate to produce male gametophyte
(pollen)
• Many gymnosperms use wind
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for pollination and seed dispersal
Wood produced by
gymnosperms
• Gymnosperms have a very efficient and
effective vascular system
• Usually woody plants
• Xylem wood of a tree
• Phloem bark of the tree
• Wood is formed
from secondary growth
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Primary vs. secondary
growth
• 1. Primary growth – occurs in
apical meristems of shoots and roots
• Results in increase in length
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Annual rings
• Annual rings – xylem formed by the
vascular cambium during one growth season
• Early Spring wood – vessel diameter is
large, xylem walls are thinner
• Late Summer wood – vessel diameter is
small, walls are thicker
• Tropical trees:
have no annual
rings, because
seasons are so
similar
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Vascular tissue: Trees
• Vascular tissue is located on the
outer layers of the tree.
bark
_______
Vascular
cambium
wood
________
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Gymnosperms
• Conifers are most important group of
gymnosperms
• Largest and most familiar group
• Bear seeds in cones
• Staminate cones – male cones
• Ovulate cones – _________ cones
• Seeds produced on an open scale
• (Do not produce flowers
or fruit)
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Gymnosperms
• Mainly woody plants that include
• Oldest living trees: bristlecone pine,
5000 yrs old!
• Most massive trees
(giant sequoia):
up to 375 ft. tall,
41 ft wide!
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Other gymnosperms
• Cycads – short shrubs,
native to tropical regions
(look like palms)
• Ginkgo biloba –
a “living fossil”,
male and female tree,
used as a medicinal plant
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Other gymnosperms
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Angiosperm life cycle
• Flower has male and female sex
organs
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Flower structure
• Male sex organs: Stamens, composed of
anther – organ that produces pollen (male
gametophyte)
• Female sex organs: The carpel
• Ovary is the enlarged basal portion of
carpel that contains the ovules (female
gametophyte)
• The stigma is the
receptive portion of
the carpel for pollen
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grains to adhere
Flower structure
• Non-reproductive parts:
• Sepals (green) are the
outermost whorl of
leaf-like bracts
• Petals (usually colored)
are the inner whorl of
leaf-like bracts
• Both can have various
shapes and colors
• Tepals -
_______________ copyright cmassengale 46
Angiosperm life cycle
• Heterosporous: forms two different
types of spores (micro- and megaspores;
male and female spores)
• Male – pollen grains contain tube nucleus
and generative cell (2 sperm nuclei)
• Female – female gametophyte contains
egg and 2 polar nuclei
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Angiosper
m
lifecycle
Flowering plants exhibit
alternation of
generations. The large,
familiar flowering plant
is the diploid
sporophyte, while the
haploid gametophyte
stages are microscopic.
The unique feature
about the life cycle of
flowering plants is a
double fertilization that
produces a diploid
zygote and a triploid
endosperm or nutritive
tissue.
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Double fertilization
• Pollen grain germinates on stigma forming a
pollen tube, which grows down style to the
ovary
• Pollen has 2 haploid sperm nuclei, which
travel to the ovary
• One sperm nucleus fertilizes the haploid
egg forming the 2n zygote
• Another sperm nucleus unites with the 2
polar nuclei, forming the triploid (3n)
endosperm
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Seeds
• Fertilized egg grows into a
___________, which grows into plant
embryo
• Endosperm is stored food tissue – for
the embryo to grow
• Mature ovule becomes the seed coat
and/or fruit
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Monocot vs. dicot
• Angiosperms are divided into monocots
and dicots
• As the zygote grows into the embryo,
the first leaves of the young sporophyte
develop and are called as cotyledons
(seed leaves)
• Monocots have one cotyledon (corn, lily,
etc).
• Dicots have two cotyledons (bean, oak,
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Comparing monocot vs. dicot
plants
FEATURE MONOCOTS DICOTS
Cotyledons 1 2
Leaf venation parallel broad
Root system Fibrous Tap
Number of In 3’s In 4’s or 5’s
floral parts
Vascular Scattered Arranged in a
bundle circle
position
Woody or Herbaceous Either
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herbaceous
Monocot vs. dicot
• Number of cotyledons: one vs. two
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Monocot vs. dicot
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Monocot vs. dicot root
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Monocot vs. dicot
• Flower parts:
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Monocot vs. dicot
• Monocot: _____________
• Monocot: Herbaceous
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Summary: Monocot vs. dicot
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Seed plants (Ch.30)
protected gametophytes
advantages of seeds
gymnosperms
angiosperms
monocots
eudicots
gingko
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Seed plants (Ch.30)
protected gametophytes Angiosperms do not have naked seeds,
advantages of seeds but seeds surrounded by a n extra layer
gymnosperms of tissue that forms a fruit (which may be
angiosperms juicy or dry). Fig. 30.8, 30.9
monocots
eudicots
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Seed plants (Ch.30)
protected gametophytes
advantages of seeds
gymnosperms
angiosperms
monocots
eudicots
But of course,
angiosperms also have
flowers! Fig. 30.7. You
do not have to memorize
all the parts, but know
that that most flowers
have both male, pollen
producing parts, and
female ovules.
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Seed plants (Ch.30)
protected gametophytes
advantages of seeds
gymnosperms
angiosperms
monocots
eudicots
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Learning goals: Lecture 3, Biological Diversity
(Plants and Fungi)
Readings: Chapters 29, 30, and 31 (read all of these, but the
parts covered in lecture are most likely to be on a test ).
Land Plants I- how land plants Land plants II - Seed plants (Ch.30)
colonized land (Ch. 29) Tiny gametophytes protected in
Land plants evolved from green ovules and pollen; advantages of
algae; terrestrial adaptations; seeds; Gymnosperms have “naked
alternation of generations; seeds”; Angiosperms have seeds in
bryophytes dominated by fruits; Monocots, Eudicots
gametophyte generation; ferns Fungi (Ch. 31)
dominated by sporophyte Characteristics; fungi reproduce by
spores; fungal origins and
relationships; importance
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Lecture 3 spe cific reading. The en tir e reading is Chap ters 29, 30, and 31
Fig. 28.3, p. 568 – read just figure legends – note that coml ex algae li ke Ulva seem ve ry
“plant-like”
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Pine Life-Cycle
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pollen cone
male or
pollen
cone
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male cone
microsporophyll
microsporangium
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female cone ovule
.mega-
sporangium
scale
“megasporophyll”
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seeds
scale
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Coniferophyta
Yew
Bristlecone
Pine
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Coniferophyta
Giant Redwood
or
Sequoia
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Hemlock
Coniferophyta
Spruce
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Coniferophyta
Bald Cypress
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Douglas Fir
Coniferophyta
Fi
r
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Cycadophyta
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: cycads 83
Ginkgophyta:
Ginkgo biloba copyright cmassengale 84
Gnetophyta:
Ephedra
mormon tea
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Gnetophyta:
Gnetum
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Gnetophyta:
Welwitschia
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Leaves: Many different sizes, shapes. (Pine
needles, cabbage, oak, etc.)
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The
Structur
e of a
Leaf
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Cuticle
Upper Epidermis
Palisade mesophyll
Vascular Bundle
Spongy mesophyll
Lower Epidermis
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VENATION
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Transpiration = process of evaporation from leaves.
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Stems: support the plant and carry substances
between the roots and leaves.
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* Structure of stems:
- Herbaceous (soft) [dandelions,tomato plants]
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Annual Rings = xylem rings
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Roots:
(Anchors. Absorbs water & nutrients from soil)
* Two Types
1. Taproot = deep into soil
2. Fibrous Roots = several branching main
roots
* Root structure
- Root Cap the rounded tip containing dead
cells.
- Root hairs increase surface absorption area
- Cambium produces xylem and phloem tissues.
- Xylem transports substances up to the plant
- Phloem brings copyright
food cmassengale
down to the growing root
100
Fibrous Roots Tap Root
Internal
Structure
Cortex
Pith
Xylem
Phloem
Endodermis
Dicot Root Monocot Root
Stigma
Filament
Style
Anther
Ovary
Receptacle
Petal
Sepal Ovule
* Dispersal – animals eat the fruit and the seeds come out
the other end.
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Two types of Angiosperms:
1. Monocots – have only one seed leaf (cotyledon)
(grasses, corn, wheat, rice, lilies, tulips)
(flowers have either 3 petals or a multiple of 3 petals)
(long slender leaves with veins parallel like train rails)
(vascular tissue scattered randomly in the stem)