Thermodynamics-II

(ME-221)
Lecture 2
Prepared by
Muhammad Jamshaid
Email: muhammad.jamshaid@bzu.edu.pk
Contact no: 03216350069
Lecturer
Mechanical Engineering Department
UCE&T, BZU Multan.
 Sequence
• Mixture
• Dalton’s Law
• Gibbs-Dalton law
• Problem
 Properties of Mixture
 Mixture
Mixture of gases when there is no
chemical reaction takes place.
 Thermodynamic properties of a mixture of gases
can be determined in the same way as for a single
gas.
For example: The most common example of this
is dry air which is a mixture of Oxygen, nitrogen, a
small percentage of argon and traces of other
gases.
 Dalton’s Law
Dalton’s law for the partial pressure of the
constituents.
“The pressure of a mixture of
gases is equal to the sum of the partial
pressure of the constituent”
 Dalton’s Law …Contd.
Vessel 1 Vessel 2

PA PB

Vessel 3
Gas B
Gas A
Mass=mB
Mass=mA
P

Where P= PA +PB

Mixture of A +B
Mass=mA +mB
 Dalton’s Law …Contd.
By Dalton’s Law,
P= PA +PB Eq. 6.2

i.e. The pressure of a mixture of gases

is equal to the sum of the partial pressure of
the constituent.
 Dalton’s Law …Contd.
• Example: A vessel of volume 0.4m3 contains
0.45kg of carbon monoxide and 1 kg of air, at
15˚C.Calculate the partial pressure of each
constituent and the total pressure in the
vessel. The gravimetric analysis of air is to be
taken as 23.3% of oxygen and 76.7% nitrogen.
take the molar masses of carbon monoxide ,
oxygen and nitrogen as (CO)28kg/kmol,
(O2)32kg/kmol and(N2) 28kg/kmol
 Gibbs-Dalton law
Dalton’s law was reformulated by Gibbs to
include a second statement on the properties
of mixtures. The combined statement is
known as Gibbs-Dalton law and is stated as,
“The internal energy, enthalpy
and entropy of a gas mixture are respectively
equal to the sums of the internal energies,
enthalpies and entropies of the constituents”.
 Gibbs-Dalton law …Contd.
This statement leads to the equations
“The internal energy, enthalpy
and entropy of a gas mixture are respectively
equal to the sums of the internal energies,
enthalpies and entropies of the constituents”.
mu= mAuA+ mBuB+ etc Eq.6.5

mh= mAhA+ mBhB+ etc Eq.6.6

ms= mAsA+ mBsB+ etc Eq.6.7

The End