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From milliwatts
to megawatts
http://small-generator.com/buy/index.php?main_page=product_info&cPath=2&products_id=44&zenid=7am2ohqmufajn06bafie386007
Speed range http://www.celeroton.com/en/products/motors.html
to hundreds of
thousandsof rpm
http://www.ebikes.ca/learn/hub-motors.html
Electric motors
DC
- Brushed
- Brushless
AC
- Synchronous
• Permanent magnet motor
• Field excitation
• Reluctance
- Asynchronous (Induction)
• Squirrel cage
• Wound rotor
Physics of a generic electric motor
Magnetic flux density B
Current I
Magnetic flux Length l
Stator Current -I
density B Number of turns N
Radius r
Force F = BlI
Torque T = 2rF
2rFcos(ϑ)
Force F
Torque T
= 2NrBlI = KtI
Force F
Current I
DC motor working principle
http://www.pcbheaven.com/wikipages/How_DC_Motors_Work/
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brushed_DC_electric_motor
Brushed DC motor construction
http://www.electrical-knowhow.com/2012/05/classification-of-electric-motors.html
DC motor commutator
DC motor field generation
Permanent magnet
- Permanent magnet rotor (Brushless) Material saturation
- Permanent magnet stator (Brushed) limits field magnitude
Field coils (Brushed)
- Series wound
- Parallel (shunt) wound
- Separately excited
http://www.electrical4u.com/dc-servo-motors-theory-and-working-principle/
Electrical models of a DC motor
Equivalent circuit
http://ctms.engin.umich.edu/CTMS/index.php?example=MotorSpeed§ion=SystemModeling
Mathematical model
Mechanical models of an electric motor
Physical model
Mathematical model
Time constants of a motor
Winding
inductance & Rotor & load
resistance inertia
Power losses
Resistive losses
- Proportional to the square of the current (torque)
- Resistance depends on temperature (0.4%/K)
Core losses
- Proportional to the rotating speed
Mechanical losses
- Bearing friction
• proportional to the rotating speed
- Damping (air etc.)
• proportional to the square of rotating speed
Additional losses
- Variable frequency drive harmonics etc.
Motor equations
http://www.electrocraft.com/products/pmdc/DPP720/
Field weakening
http://ecomodder.com/forum/showthread.php/bsfc-chart-thread-post-em-if-you-got-1466-26.html
Operating limits of a motor
Temperature
- Winding insulation melting temperature
- Permanent magnet demagnetization temperature
Voltage
- Winding insulation breakdown voltage
Mechanical strength
- Rotor breakdown speed
Commutation speed
- Drive/controller speed
Characteristics of a DC motor
Motor data
Assigned power rating 12 W
1 Nominal voltage 12 V
2 No load speed 12100 rpm
3 No load current 155 mA
4 Nominal speed 8060 rpm
5 Nominal torque 10.1 mNm
6 Nominal current 1.25 A
7 Stall torque 31.3 mNm
8 Starting current 3.47 A
9 Max. efficiency 63 %
10 Terminal resistance 3.46 Ω
11 Terminal inductance 0.121 H
12 Torque constant 9.02 mNm / A-¹
13 Speed constant 1060 rpm / V-¹
14 Speed / torque gradient 406 rpm / mNm-1
15 Mechanical time constant 9.56 ms
16 Rotor inertia 2.25 gcm²
M M
Brushless DC motor (BLDC)
http://www.mpoweruk.com/motorsbrushless.htm
BLDC commutation
AC motor
Two categories
- Asynchronous
- Synchronous
http://www.pump-zone.com/topics/motors/ac-motors-part-two-three-phase-operation/page/0/1
AC field generation
Three field coils (per pole)
- 120 °phase difference
http://tdflashzone.net23.net/1_6_Physics-Flashes.html
Synchronous AC: Permanent magnet
https://www.ecnmag.com/article/2009/10/comparing-motor-control-techniques
Asynchronous AC: Induction
http://www.nidec.com/en-IN/technology/motor/basic/00026/?prt=1
AC motor control
http://www.exlar.com/press_releases/1868
Summary
Electric motors can be found anywhere and for any power rating
They have excellent efficiency at proper loading conditions
- Usually this means a large enough rpm
Output power limited by temperature
- Can be overloaded for a short while
Maximum rotating speed limited by back emf / supply voltage
Questions?