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1- Arrhenius theory :-
Acid : Is the substance which ionize to give H+ eg. HCl
Base : Is the substance which ionize to give OH- eg NaOH
Buffer solutions
-Def : They are solns which resist changes in pH upon addition of small amount of
acid or base.
-They consist of weak acid and its salt or weak base and its salt
Type 1- weak acid and its salt eg. HAc and Na Ac
pH of this buffer is calculated from the eq.:
pH = pKa + log salt / acid
Type 2- weak base and its salt eg. NH4OH and NH4Cl
pH of this buffer is calculated from the eq.:
pH = pKw - pKb - log salt/base
log salt/acid or log salt/base is called buffer ratio
if [salt] = [acid] therefore pH =pKa
Examples
1- Calculate the pH of a buffer soln. containing 0.1 M acetic acid and
0.1 M sodium acetate pKa =4.76
soln.
pH = pKa + log salt / acid
pH = 4.76 + log 0.1 / 0.1 = 4.76
Neutralization indicators
Color indicators:
- Substance which change their color with change in pH are used as
neutralization indicators.
eg. phenol phthalein"Ph.Ph" (one color indicator),
methyl orange"M.O" (2 color indicator)
eg. Ph.Ph. =8-10 M.O. =3.3-4.4 M.R. = 4-6
N.B. the indicator is chosen according to pH of the product.
Neutralization titration curves
For neutralization reaction titration . The titration curve is plot of pH versus
the mls of titrant.
Types of neutralization curves:
1- Strong acid -strong base titration :-
eg. HCl and NaOH
we have sample of 100 ml HCl and titrate against NaOH.
a.Before the titration pH is due to
the sample i.e HCl (strong acid)
therfore pH = pCa
b- At the equivalent point :
HCl +NaOH NaCl + H2O
pH is due to NaCl i.e. pH= 7 (salt of strong acid and strong base)
c- After the equivalent point :
pH is due to excess titrant i.e. NaOH (strong base) pH = pKw-pCb
N.B. The pH rises slowly till 99.9 % of acid is titrated by adding 0.1 ml NaOH
pH rises from 4 to 7 then another 0.1 ml after end point pH rises from 7 to 10
i.e. at e.p. pH rises from 4 to 10.
So we can use M.O.(3.3 - 4.4)- M.R.(4 - 6)- Ph.Ph.(8 - 10) indicators