Control of

Gaseous
Emissions
Armamento | Bilan | Romero
01 ABSORPTION 02 ADSORPTION
03 COMBUSTION 04 CONDENSATION
MEMBRANE
05 BIOLOGICAL APC
TECNOLOGIES 06 FILTRATION
1.
Absorption
It is a unit operation in which a gas absorption
equipment uses the principles of diffusion, equilibrium,
and mass transfer.
× The goal of this equipment is to bring the gas into
intimate contact with liquid.

×Contactingphase can be achieved in many different

types of equipment.
×Is most cases, the absorption process involves
processing of effluent gas stream by determining the
solvent flow rate and calculation of the dimensions of the
equipment (column diameter and height to accomplish
operation)
Examples of Gas Absorbers
General
Design 1. Solvent Selection

Procedure 2.

3.
Equilibrium-Data Evaluation
Column Selection
4. Calculation of Column Diameter
5. Estimation of Column Height
6. Determination of the column’s
pressure drop
 Solvent
Selection
1. Gas solubility.
A high gas solubility is desired, since this
increases the absorption rate and minimizes
the quantity of solvent necessary. Generally,
solvents of a chemical nature similar to that of
the solute to be absorbed will provide good
solubility.
2. Volatility
A low solvent vapor pressure is desired, since the
gas leaving the absorption unit is ordinarily
saturated with the solvent, and much may thereby
be lost.
3. Viscosity
Low viscosity is preferred for reasons of rapid
absorption rates, improved flooding
characteristics, lower pressure drops, and good
heat-transfer characteristics.
4. Chemical Stability
The solvent should be chemically stable and, if
possible, nonflammable.
5. Low Freezing Point
If possible, a low freezing point is favored, since
any solidification of the solvent in the column
makes the column inoperable.
6. Corrosiveness

7. Cost

8. Toxicity
EQUIPMENT

1. PACKED COLUMN 2. MISCELLANEOUS 3. PLATE COLUMN

Staged Operation
Continous Operation
2.
Adsorption
The design of gas-adsorption equipment is in
many ways analogous to the design of gas-
absorption equipment, with a solid adsorbent
replacing the liquid solvent
Examples of Gas Adsorbers
Selection of Adsorbent
Industrial adsorbents are usually capable of
adsorbing both organic and inorganic gases and
vapors.
× Activated alumina, silica gel, and molecular
sieves will also preferentially adsorb any water vapor with the
organic contaminant

Two difficulties arise:

1. incomplete recovery of the adsorbate, although this may
be unimportant
2. progressive deterioration in capacity of the adsorbent as
the number of cycles increases owing to blocking of the pores
from carbon formed by hydrocarbon decomposition.
In some cases, none of the adsorbents has
sufficient retaining capacity for a particular
contaminant. In these applications, a large-
surface area adsorbent can be impregnated with
an inorganic compound or, in rare cases, with a
high-molecular-weight organic compound that
can react chemically with the particular
contaminant.
 Since adsorption takes place at the interphase
boundary, the adsorption surface area becomes
an important consideration. Generally, the higher
the adsorption surface area, the greater its
adsorption capacity.
General 1. Solvent Selection
a. Adsorbate concentration.
b. Temperature.

Design c. Temperature rise during adsorption.

d. Pressure.
e. Flow rate.

Procedure f. Presence of adsorbent contaminant material.

2. Adsorbent.
a. Adsorption capacity as used on stream.
b. Temperature rise during adsorption.
c. Isothermal or adiabatic operation.
d. Life, if presence of contaminant material is unavoidable.
e. Possibility of catalytic effects.
f. Bulk density.
g. Particle size
h. Pore data
i. Hardness
j. Regeneration information
Adsorption The adsorption process involves three
necessary steps.
Phenomena 1. The fluid must first come in contact with the adsorbent, at
which time the adsorbate is preferentially or selectively
adsorbed on the adsorbent.

2. The fluid must be separated from the

adsorbent-adsorbate

3. The adsorbent must be regenerated

by removing the adsorbate or by discarding used adsorbent and
replacing it with fresh material.
3.
Combustion
Many organic compounds released from manufacturing
operations can be converted to innocuous carbon dioxide
and water by rapid oxidation (chemical reaction):
combustion. However, combustion of gases containing
halides may require the addition of acid gas treatment to
the combustor exhaust.
 Three rapid oxidation methods are typically used to destroy
combustible contaminants:

1. flares (direct-flame-combustion)
2. thermal combustors
3. catalytic combustors.

The combustion process is also commonly referred to as “after burning”

or “incineration.”
To achieve complete combustion (i.e., the combination
of the combustible elements and compounds of a
fuel with all the oxygen that they can utilize),
sufficient space, time, and turbulence and a
temperature high enough to ignite the constituents
must be provided.
3 T’s of Combustion

1. Time
2. Temperature
3. Turbulence
Combustion-
Control
3 types of Combustion-Control Equipment
Equipment
1. Flares

2. Thermal Incinerators

3. Catalytic Incinerators
Flares
Flares

In many industrial operations and particularly in chemical

plants and petroleum refineries, large volumes of
combustible waste gases are produced
Flares

Large quantities of gases may also result from off-

specification product or from excess product that cannot
be sold.
Flares
Although flares can be used to dispose of excess waste
gases, such systems can present additional safety
problems. These include the

1. Explosion potential
2. Thermal-radiation hazards from the flame
3. The problem of toxic asphyxiation during flameout.
Flares
Flares are mostly used for the disposal of hydrocarbons .
Waste gases composed of natural gas, propane,
ethylene, propylene, butadiene, and butane probably
constitute over 95 percent of the material flared.

Flares have been used successfully to control malodorous

gases such as mercaptans and amines, but care must be
taken when flaring these gases.
Thermal
Incinerators
Thermal Incinerators

Thermal incinerators or afterburners can be used over a

fairly wide but low range of organic vapor
concentration. The concentration of the organics in air
must be substantially below the lower flammable level
(lower explosive limit).
Thermal Incinerators

Advantages: Disadvantages:
1. Removal of organic gases 1. High operating costs
2. Removal of submicrometer organic particles 2. Fire hazards
3. Simplicity of construction 3. Flashback possibilities
4. Small space requirements
Catalytic
Incinerators
Catalytic Incinerators

Catalytic incinerators are an alternative to thermal incinerators.

For simple reactions, the effect of the presence of a catalyst
is to :

× Increase the rate of the reaction

× Permit the reaction to occur at a lower temperature
× Reduce the reactor volume.
Thermal combustion with energy (heat) recovery.
Catalytic Incinerators
Advantages:
1. Lower fuel requirements as compared with
thermal incinerators
2. Lower operating temperatures
3. Minimum insulation requirements
4. Reduced fire hazards
5. Reduced flashback problems
Disadvantages:
1. Higher initial cost than thermal incinerators
2. Catalyst poisoning
3. Necessity of first removing large particulates
4. Catalyst-regeneration problems
5. Catalyst disposal
4.
Codensation
Frequently in air-pollution-control practice, it becomes
necessary to treat an effluent stream consisting of a
condensable pollutant vapor and a noncondensable
gas.
Condensers can be used to collect condensable
emissions discharged to the atmosphere,
particularly when the vapor concentration is high.
Condenser Equipment

There are two basic types of condensers

used for control

1. Contact Condenser
2. Surface Condenser
5.
Biofilters
Schematic flow sheet illustrating the
individual elements of an open,
single-layer biofilter system
6. Membrane
Filter
Membrane Filter

Membrane systems have been used for several

decades to separate colloidal and molecular slurries by
the chemical process industries
Membrane Filter
THANKS
Does anyone have any questions?
OUR
COMPANY
Mercury is the closest planet to the Sun and the
smallest one in the Solar System—it’s only a bit
larger than our Moon. The planet’s name has nothing
to do with the liquid metal, since it was named after
the Roman messenger god, Mercury
WHAT WE ARE
WORKING ON

SOLAR PANELS ALTERNATIVE ENERGY

Jupiter is a gas giant and the biggest planet in Venus has a beautiful name and is the second
our Solar System. It’s the fourth-brightest planet from the Sun. It’s terribly hot, even
object in the sky hotter than Mercury

REDUCED CO2 EMISSIONS ENVIRONMENTAL AWARENESS

Despite being red, Mars is a cold place, not Mercury is the closest planet to the Sun and
hot. It’s full of iron oxide, which gives the the smallest one in our Solar System. It’s
planet its reddish cast only a bit larger than our Moon
 FUTURE
Venus has a beautiful name and is the second planet from the Sun.
It’s terribly hot—even hotter than Mercury—and its atmosphere is
extremely poisonous. It’s the second-brightest natural object in the
night sky after the Moon
MAIN
REQUIREMENTS

Mercury is the smallest planet in our Despite being red, Mars is a cold Saturn is the ringed one. It’s a gas
Solar System. It’s only a bit larger place, not hot. The planet is full of giant, composed of hydrogen and
than our Moon iron oxide helium

REQUIREMENT 1 REQUIREMENT 2 REQUIREMENT 3

BUDGET

6,000,000
DESIGN $2,000,000

PERMITS $1,400,000

MATERIALS $1,500,000

EMPLOYEES $1,100,000
PREDICTED
RESULTS
5,000,000
Planted trees

300
Solar water heaters

50%
Less fuel consumption
SNEAK
PEEK

Insert your multimedia content here

PROJECT STAGE 3
Despite being red, Mars is a
STAGES cold place, not hot. It’s full of
iron oxide dust

STAGE 2
Saturn is a gas giant,
composed mostly of
hydrogen and helium

STAGE 1
Mercury is the closest planet
to the Sun and the smallest
one in our Solar System
TIMELINE JUNE 9
Jupiter is a gas giant and
also the biggest planet in
our Solar System

JULY 15
Venus has a beautiful
AUGUST 3
name and is the second
Neptune is the fourth-
planet from the Sun
largest planet in our
Solar System

OCTOBER 21
Despite being red,
Mars is a cold place.,
not hot
OUR TEAM

THOMAS RICHARD
DOE SMITH
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