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The document discusses anatomical terminology used to describe movement, directions, planes, and injuries. It covers fundamental movements like flexion, extension, and rotation. Key terms are defined for anatomical positions, directions, joints, injuries, and root words. Joint anatomy is summarized, including classifications of synovial, fibrous, and cartilaginous joints and examples of each type.
The document discusses anatomical terminology used to describe movement, directions, planes, and injuries. It covers fundamental movements like flexion, extension, and rotation. Key terms are defined for anatomical positions, directions, joints, injuries, and root words. Joint anatomy is summarized, including classifications of synovial, fibrous, and cartilaginous joints and examples of each type.
The document discusses anatomical terminology used to describe movement, directions, planes, and injuries. It covers fundamental movements like flexion, extension, and rotation. Key terms are defined for anatomical positions, directions, joints, injuries, and root words. Joint anatomy is summarized, including classifications of synovial, fibrous, and cartilaginous joints and examples of each type.
All joints are considered to be in a neutral position No movement has occurred yet Arms slightly to the side, palms up! Standing erect, palms and feet facing forward Planes
Fixed lines of reference along which the
body is often divided or sectioned for viewing structures By studying a region from sagittal, horizontal, and frontal planes of reference, a 3-D perspective can be obtained. Planes
Sagittal: the plane that creates a right
and a left side of the body passing from the front to the back Horizontal: also called the transverse plane, creates a top and a bottom Frontal: also called the lateral plane, creates a front and a back side as it passes from one side of the body to another Planes Anatomical Positions and Directions Used for spatial relationships
Superior: refers to something that is
above or higher than another structure
Inferior: refers to something that is below
or lower than another structure Anatomical Positions and Directions Lateral: Refers to something farther away from the midline of the body
Medial: Refers to something closer to the
midline of the body Anatomical Positions and Directions Anterior: Refers to a structure that is in front of another structure
Posterior: Refers to a structure that is
behind another structure Anatomical Positions and Directions Proximal: means closer to the trunk Distal: means farther away from the trunk Dorsal: means top side of a structure (dorsal fin) Plantar: the underside of the foot Anatomical Positions and Directions Prone: means lying face down Supine: means lying face up Afferent: directed toward a center Efferent: directed away from a center Central: situated or pertaining to a center Peripheral: situated away from a center Median: situated in the midline of a structure Anatomical Positions and Directions Intermediate: situated between median (middle) and lateral (side) Deep: situated far beneath the surface Superficial: situated near the surface Anatomical Positions and Directions Fundamental Movements
Flexion: decreasing the angle formed by
the bones of the joint Extension: increasing the angle of the joint Example: knee flexion vs. knee extension Hyperextension: extreme or excessive straightening of a part Fundamental Movements
Abduction: movement away from the
midline of the body
Adduction: movement toward the midline
of the body
Example: hip adduction vs. hip abduction
Fundamental Movements
Internal (Medial) Rotation: the anterior
surface of the arm or leg rotates medially toward midline.
External (Lateral) Rotation: the anterior
surface of the arm or leg rotates laterally away from the midline Fundamental Movements
Circumduction: movement in 2 or 3 planes At which joints is this movement possible? Fundamental Movements
Pronation: turning the forearm toward
the body Supination: turning the forearm outward from the pronated position (hold a cup of soup) Fundamental Movements
Dorsiflexion: bringing the toes towards
the body Plantar Flexion: pointing the toes away from the body Fundamental Movements Injury Terms Abrasion: skins surface scraped away Acute: recent or new injury; sudden onset Atrophy: wasting away of tissue or an organ Avulsion: tearing away of a part or a structure Bursa: fluid filled sac Injury Terms
Calcification: deposits of calcium in an
area Chronic: injury with a long onset and long duration Contraindicate: to advise against Contusion: bruise Crepitus: crackling sound Cyanosis: blue discoloration Injury Terms
Dislocation: complete separation of two
ends of a joint Subluxation: partial or incomplete separation of a joint Ecchymosis: bruising, blue color Edema: swelling in the tissue Effusion: swelling in the joint Fracture: break in the bone Injury Terms
Hematoma: collection of or swelling that
is blood; blood tumor Incision: straight cut; surgical cut Indicate: advise the use of Inflammation: body’s response to injury Joint Laxity: Looseness in the joint Laceration: jagged tear of the skin Injury Terms
Ligament: structure that connects bone
to bone Tendon: structure that connects muscle to bone Modality: healing apparatus Point Tenderness: pain produced when structure is palpated Puncture wound: body part is pierced or stabbed by an object Injury Terms
Range of Motion: amount of movement allowed
at the joint Referred Pain: pain felt somewhere other than its origin Sprain: stretching or tearing of ligaments Strain: stretching or tearing of muscle/tendons Valgus: position of a body part that is bent outward Varus: position of a body part that is bent inward Root Words, Prefixes, & Suffixes Arthro: Joint Cardio: Heart Chondro: Cartilage Neuro: Nerve Pneumo: Lung Pyscho: Brain/Mental Tomy: To Cut/Incision Plantar: Sole of the foot Root Words, Prefixes, & Suffixes Supra/Super: Above Semi: Half Palmar: Palm of the Hand Thermo: Heat Cryo: Cold Arterio: Arteries Cerebro: Brain Myo: Muscle Root Words, Prefixes, & Suffixes Osteo: Bone Derm: Skin Sub: Below/beneath Pseudo: False Quad: Four Hyper: Excessive Brachium: Arm Phalangeal: Fingers/Toes Root Words, Prefixes, & Suffixes Cephalic: Towards the Head Vertebro: Vertebrae/Spine A/An: Without/Lack of Ad: Toward Bi: Both/Two/Twice Inter: Between Hypo: Under/Beneath Root Words, Prefixes, & Suffixes Sym/Syn: Joined/fused Algia: Pain Itis: Inflammation Ology: Study of Pathy: Disease Uni: One/single Epi: Above Ab: Away from Root Words, Prefixes, & Suffixes Ante: Before, In Front Of Co/con: Against Intra: Within Peri: Around Re: Again/Backward Retro: Behind Ectomy: Remove Oma: Tumor Root Words, Prefixes, & Suffixes Osis: Condition of Scopy: Examine Post: After Joint Anatomy Joint Anatomy Synovial: -Classifications: -Immovable: Synarthrotic -Slightly Movable: Amphiarthrotic -Freely Movable: Diarthrotic -4 Features: -Capsule or Ligaments -Synovial Membrane -Articular Cartilage -Joint cavity w/ synovial fluid Joint Anatomy Synovial: -Types: -Ball & Socket: Shoulder -Hinge: Elbow -Pivot: (Atlas/Axis) -Ellipsoidal: Phalanges -Saddle: Thumb -Gliding: Wrist Joint Anatomy Fibrous: -Features: -Connected by fibrous tissue -Immovable or slightly movable -Types: -Sutures: Skull -Syndesmosis: Interosseous -Gomphosis: Teeth Joint Anatomy Cartilagenous: -Features: -Joined by cartilage -Slightly Movable -Types: -Syndchondroses: Ribs (hyaline cartilage) -Symphysis: Pubic Symphysis, Intervertebral Discs (Fibrocartilage)