FERROUS METAL

AND
NON-FERROUS METAL
FERROUS METAL

A metal containing iron as a primary material

- Iron
- Cast Iron
- Steel
- Stainless Steel
- Wrought Iron
NON-FERROUS METAL

A metal containing little or no iron

- Aluminum
- Bronze
- Brass
- Copper
- Lead
IRON

Iron is a metal extracted mainly from the iron

ore hematite. It oxidizes readily in air and water
to form Fe2O3 and is rarely found as a free
element.

Iron is believed to be the sixth most abundant

element in the universe
SMELTING TECHNIQUE
Pig iron is the intermediate product of smelting
iron ore with coke and resin

Cast into pigs in preparation for conversion into

cast iron, wrought iron or steel

Pig iron has a very high carbon content,

typically 3.5 - 4.5%, which makes it very brittle
and not useful directly as a material except for
limited applications
FERROUS METALS

CAST IRON

A hard, brittle, nonmalleable iron-based alloy

containing 2%-4.5% carbon and 0.5%-3%
silicon
FERROUS METALS

CAST IRON

APPLICATION:
- Piping & Fittings
- Ornamental Ironwork
- Hardware
- Base Metal for Porcelain Enameled Plumbing Fixtures
- Floor & Wall Brackets for Railings
- Circular Stairs
- Manhole Cover
- Gratings
FERROUS METALS

WROUGHT IRON

A tough, malleable, readily soft iron that is easily

forged & welded. Fatigue & corrosion resistant

Commercially pure iron, containing only

approximately 0.2% carbon

A fibrous material due to the slag inclusions,

that gives it a "grain" resembling wood, which is
visible when it is etched or bent to the point of
failure
FERROUS METALS

WROUGHT IRON
Literally means “worked iron”

APPLICATION:
- Piping & Fittings for Plumbing,
Heating & Air-conditioning
- Ornamental Ironwork
FERROUS METALS

GALVANIZED IRON (G.I.)

Iron coated with zinc to prevent rust. The

process is achieved thru hot-dip galvanizing
FERROUS METALS

GALVANIZED IRON

APPLICATION:
- Metal Decking
- Roofing & Accessories
- Ceiling Framing
- Wall Framing
- Piping
FERROUS METALS

STEEL

Alloys of iron and carbon

Carbon content is no more than 2%

Alloy elements is composed of phosphorous,

sulfur, oxygen, nitrogen, manganese, silicon,
aluminum, copper, nickel, etc.

Can be wrought, rolled, cast, and welded, but

not extruded
FERROUS METALS
ALLOY ELEMENTS & IT’S PURPOSE/S:

1. Aluminum for surface hardening

2. Chromium for corrosion resistance

3. Copper for resistance to atmospheric corrosion

4. Manganese in small amounts for hardening; in larger

amounts for wear resistance

5. Molybdenum, combined with other alloying metals

such as chromium & nickel, to increase corrosion
resistance and to raise tensile strength without reducing
ductility.
ALLOY ELEMENTS & IT’S PURPOSE/S:

6. Nickel to increase tensile strength without reducing

ductility; in high concentrations, to improve corrosion
resistance

7. Silicon to strengthen low alloy steels and improve

oxidation resistance; in larger amounts to provide hard,
brittle castings resistant to corrosive chemicals

8. Sulfur for free machining, especially in mild steels

9. Titanium to prevent intergranular corrosion of

stainless steels

10. Tungsten, vanadium, and cobalt for hardness and

abrasion resistance
FERROUS METALS

Types of Steel:

Carbon Steel

Alloy Steel
- Stainless Steel
- HSLA Steel (high-strength low-alloy)
- Weathering Steel
FERROUS METALS

Carbon Steel

Unalloyed steel in which the residual element

as carbon, manganese, phosphorus, sulfur and
silicon are controlled.

Any increase in carbon content increase the

strength and hardness but reduces its ductility
and weldability.
FERROUS METALS

Carbon Steel

APPLICATION:
- Structural Steel
- Concrete Reinforcement
- Decking and Panels
- Roofing & Accessories
- Windows & Doors
- Hardware
FERROUS METALS

Carbon Steel

APPLICATION:
- Structural Steel
I-beam
W-shape
S-shape
Channels
Angles
Plates
Pipes & Tubing
FERROUS METALS

Stainless Steel

An alloy steel containing a minimum of 12%

chromium & additional nickel, manganese, and
molybdenum alloy elements

Resistance to heat, oxidation & corrosion

Does not stain, corrode or rust as ordinary steel,

but not stain-proof
FERROUS METALS

Stainless Steel

APPLICATION:
- Exterior Wall Finishes
- Interior Wall Finishes
- Railings
- Signage
- Doors & Windows
- Hardware
FERROUS METALS

HSLA (High-Strength Low-Alloy) Steel

A group of low-carbon steels containing less

than 2% alloys in a chemical composition
specifically developed for increase strength,
ductility, & resistance to corrosion

Much stronger & tougher than ordinary carbon

steel
FERROUS METALS

HSLA Steel

APPLICATION:
- Reinforcement for Pre-stressed Concrete
- High-strength Bolts
- Special Structural Steel
- Cables for Elevators
FERROUS METALS

Weathering Steel

A high-strength, low-alloy steel that forms an

oxide coating when exposed to rain or moisture
in the atmosphere

Best-known under the trademark COR-TEN steel

FERROUS METALS

Weathering Steel

Angel of the North

(20x54m),
Gateshead,
United Kingdom
FERROUS METALS

Tools Steel

refers to a variety of carbon and alloy steels

that are particularly suited to be made into tools

Distinctively hard, resistance to abrasion and

deformation, and has ability to hold a cutting
edge
NNON-FERROUS METALS
Aluminum
 Soft, non magnetic, ductile and malleable silvery white
metal with thermal and electrical conductivity.
 Aluminium is the most abundant metal in the Earth's
crust, and the third most abundant element therein,
after oxygen and silicon.

Used as structural
framing like the high
strength aluminum alloys
and secondary building
elements such as
windows, doors, roofing,
flashing, trim and hard
wares.
Copper
Ductile, malleable and bright reddish brown color with
high thermal and electrical conductivity.

Posses a “patina” weather reactive surface layer of

insoluble green salt which retards corrosion and used to
alloy bronze and brass to increase strength and
corrosion resistance.

Used as electrical wiring,

piping, flashing and roofing
material. Care must be taken
in fastening, attaching or
supported only by selected
brass fittings.
Brass
Brass is any alloy of copper and zinc. It
has a muted yellow color, somewhat
similar to gold.
It is relatively resistant to tarnishing,
and is often used as decoration and for
coins. In antiquity, polished brass was
often used as a mirror.

Lead
Lead is a soft, malleable poor metal, also considered to
be one of the heavy metals. Lead has a bluish white
color when freshly cut, but tarnishes to a dull grayish
color when it is exposed to air and is a shiny chrome
silver when melted into a liquid. .
Lead pipe in
Roman baths
Tungsten carbide, WC, or tungsten semicarbide,
W2C, is a chemical compound containing tungsten and
carbon, similar to titanium carbide. Colloquially,
tungsten carbide is often simply called carbide.
METAL JOINERY

Soldering is a process in which two or more metal

items are joined together by melting and flowing a
filler metal into the joint, the filler metal having a
relatively low melting point. (below 840deg F)
Annealing
In the cases of copper, steel,
and brass this process is
performed by substantially
heating the material (until
glowing) for a while and allowing
it to cool slowly. The metal is
softened and prepared for
further work such as shaping,
stamping, or forming.
Brazing is a joining process whereby a filler metal or
alloy is heated to melting temperature above 450°C
(842°F), or, by the traditional definition that has been
used in the United States, above 800°F (425°C) and
distributed between two or more close-fitting parts by
capillary action.

Soldering is distinguished from brazing by use of a

lower melting-temperature filler metal; it is
distinguished from welding by the base metals not
being melted during the joining process.
Welding is a fabrication process that joins materials,
usually metals or thermoplastics, by causing coalescence.

This is often done by

melting the workpieces
and adding a filler material
to form a pool of molten
material (the weld puddle)
that cools to become a
strong joint, with pressure
sometimes used in
conjunction with heat, or
by itself, to produce the
weld.
A rivet is a mechanical
fastener. Before it is installed it
consists of a smooth cylindrical
shaft with a head on one end.
The end opposite the head is
called the buck-tail.

Blind rivets (also known as pop

rivets) The rivet assembly is inserted
into a hole drilled through the parts to
be joined and a specially designed
tool used to draw the mandrel into
the rivet.
PROTECTING METALS

Alclad is a trademark of Alcoa used as a generic term to

describe corrosion resistant Aluminum sheet formed from
high-purity aluminum surface layers metallurgically
bonded to high strength Aluminum Alloy core material.
These sheets commonly used by the aircraft industry

Sherardising is a method of galvanizing also called vapor

galvanizing. A layer of zinc is applied to the metal target
object by heating the object in an airtight container with
zinc powder. The temperature that the container reaches
does not exceed the melting point of zinc. Another method
of sherardisation is to expose the intended objects to vapor
from molten zinc using a reducing gas to prevent oxidation.