RESERVOIRS

Rocido, Jiah Angelieson D.

Tejuco, Erika Joyce M.
Lagmay, Jaline
Babista, Bianca Alyssa S.
Funtilar, Joshua Jay
Cartagena, Edbert Carl
Navarro, Ryan Louis
Noble, Berjo
Jimenez, Jerome
History of the Reservoir

In the year circa 300 BCE, farmers in Arabia used

the craters of extinct volcanoes to store water that
would be used for irrigation and watering their herds.
 What is RESERVOIR
• A reservoir is an artificial structure designed to hold back large
quantities of fluids like water, ensuring a constant supply of
water to cities, households and for farming.
• A reservoir is a man-made lake or large freshwater body of
water.
• Bank reservoirs, dammed reservoirs, and service
reservoirs are some example of this artificial water body.
• Currently, the largest reservoir by the surface area is Volt Dam
in Ghana, and the largest reservoir by volume is Kariba Dam
between Zimbabwe and Zambia. Reservoirs have been a
revelation to mankind since their creation.

Akosombo Dam or Volt Dam on Ghana
Created by damming the Volta River in
the African nation of Ghana. Lake Volta
covers about 8,500 square kilometers
(3,280 square miles), an area larger
than the U.S. state of Delaware. Lake
Volta ranks fourth in the world in terms
of volume, the total amount of water in
the lake.
Kariba Dam
Lies on the border between
Zambia and Zimbabwe. This
lake, which was formed by
damming the Zambezi River,
stores 185 cubic kilometers (44
cubic miles) of water.
Jawa Dam
The oldest known
dam in the world,
what is now Jordan.
It was built in about
3000 BCE to store
water to use
for irrigation, or
watering crops.
Uses of Reservior
 Water supply
 Hydroelectric power
 Flood control
 Irrigation
 Navigation
 They are also used to regulate the flow of water in rivers.
Water can be released from the reservoir during drier
seasons to support wildlife and the
environment downstream, and to provide a resource for
human uses.
FACTS ABOUT
RESERVOIR
• Reservoir is s an artificial lake where water is stored. Most
reservoir are formed by constructing dams across rivers. A
reservoir can also be formed by natural lake whose outlet has
been dammed to control the water level. The dam controls the
amount of water that flows out of the reservoir.

• People build reservoirs because the amount of water in a river

varies over time. During very rainy times or when
mountain snow is melting, the water in a river rises and
sometimes overflows its banks. By limiting the amount of water
allowed to continue downriver, reservoirs help control flooding.
• The water in reservoirs is very still. Because of this, bits
of sand, rock, dirt, and other material,
called sediment, sink to the bottom, leaving the
water quite clear. But over time, this sediment builds
up, greatly reducing the total amount of water in the
reservoir.

• Reservoirs serve other purposes. They are used

for boating, fishing, and other forms of recreation.
Some of the dams that create reservoirs are used to
generate electricity.
TYPES OF RESERVOIRS
DAMNED VALLEYS
COASTAL
BANK-SIDE
SERVICE
 DAMMED VALLEYS
 A dam constructed in a
valley relies on the natural
topography to provide
most of the basin of the
reservoir.

 The valley sides act as

natural walls, with the dam
located at the narrowest
practical point to provide
strength and the lowest
cost of construction.

Clywedog Reservoir in Mid Wales

 Marina Barrage in Singapore Saemangeum in South Korea

COASTAL
• Coastal reservoirs are fresh
water storage reservoirs
located on the sea coast
near the river mouth to store
the flood water of a river.

• As the land based reservoir

construction is fraught with
substantial land
submergence, coastal
reservoir is preferred
economically and
technically since it does not
use scarce land area.

Plover Cove Reservoir in Hong Kong

 Queen Mary Reservoir in
London
Bank-side
• Where water is pumped or siphoned
from a river of variable quality or size,
bank-side reservoirs may be built to store
the water.
• Such reservoirs are usually formed partly
by excavation and partly by building a
complete encircling bund or
embankment, which may exceed 6 km
(4 miles) in circumference.
• The water stored in such reservoirs may
stay there for several months, during
which time normal biological processes
may substantially reduce many
contaminants and almost eliminate any
turbidity.
• The use of bank-side reservoirs also
allows water abstraction to be stopped
for some time, when the river is
unacceptably polluted or when flow
conditions are very low due to drought.
Four Types of Service Reservoir

 Storage/Conservation Reservoir
A storage or a conservation reservoir can retain
such excess supplies during periods of peak flows
and can release them gradually during low flows
as when the need arises.

 Flood Control Reservoir

Stores a portions of the flood flows in such way
as to minimize the flood peaks at the areas to be
protected downstream.
TWO TYPES OF FLOOD CONTROL
RESERVOIR
 STORAGE RESERVOIR
A reservoir having gates and valves installation at its
spillway and at its sluice outlets is known as storage
reservoir.

 RETARDING RESERVOIR
A reservoir with uncontrolled and ungated outlets is
known as a retarding basin or retarding reservoirs
DISTRIBUTION RESERVOIR
 RESERVOIR
DESIGN AND
STORAGE VOLUME
 Storage Volume Components

For a given reservoir design, each of the five (5) storage

component listed below :

1. Operational storage (OS)

2. Equalizing storage (ES)
3. Standby storage (SB)
4. Fire suppression storage (FSS)
5. Dead storage (DS)
 Effective Storage

Total tank volume, as measured between the

overflow and the tank outlet elevations, may
not necessarily equal the effective volume
available to the water system. Effective
volume is equal to the total volume less any
dead storage built into the reservoir.
 Operational Storage (OS)

Operational storage is the volume of the reservoir devoted to supplying

the water system while, under normal operating conditions, the
source(s) of supply are in “off” status. This volume will vary according to
two main factors:
 (1) the sensitivity of the water level sensors controlling the source
pumps
 (2) the configuration of the tank designed to provide the volume
required to prevent excessive cycling (starting and stopping) of the
pump motor(s).
 Equalizing Storage (ES)

When the source pumping capacity cannot meet the

periodic daily peak demands placed on the water
system, Equalizing Storage must be provided as a part
of the total storage for the system and must be
available at 30 psi to all service connections. The
volume of ES depends upon several factors, including
peak variations in system demand, source production
capacity, and the mode of operation.
 Standby Storage (SB)

The purpose of SB is to provide a measure of reliability

should sources fail or when unusual conditions impose
higher demands than anticipated. The SB volume
recommended for systems served by one source may
be different than for systems served by multiple
sources as described in the following sections.
Fire Suppression Storage (FSS)
Public water systems are required to construct
and maintain facilities, including storage
reservoirs, capable of delivering fire flows in
accordance with the determination of fire flow
requirement made by the local fire protection
authority or County Fire Marshal.
Dead Storage (DS)

Dead storage (effective only to provide

adequate pressure) is the volume of stored
water not available to all consumers at the
minimum design pressure.

Local community standards apply as to

whether or not some DS volume may be used
to provide SB volume to meet minimal
community expectations during unusual
operating.
RESERVOIR
APPURTENANCES
 Coffer dams
usually are temporary structures built upstream from a dam to
prevent stream flow around excavation for a dam.
Types of coffer dams:
TYPES OF COFFER DAMS:
 Braced/Sheet pile Coffer Dam - Consisting
of sheet piles, mainly used in shallow water
depth.
Double wall coffer dams
 Fish ladders
 dams constructed on streams that are the migration paths for spawning fish
commonly make provisions for movement of the fish up or in the vicinity of the
downstream face of the dam
 Gates
 Gates are devices installed in the tops of spillways to control the
flow of water over the spillway.
 Hydroelectric power plants
 many dams are constructed to generate hydro electric power. The
power station is located at the toe of the dam or at some distance
downstream. Flow of water is controlled by valves upstream and
controlled inside the power station.
 Locks
 are movable portion of dams utilized in navigation along rivers
and canals.
 Penstocks
 is a sluice or conduit used for control of water flow, especially
into a hydro-electric power plant.
 Spillways
 is designed to contain and control overflow of reservoir water when the
reservoir is full. Spillways should be designed to accommodate flows during
maximum flood stage, and to prevent damage to the dam appurtenant
features.
 Valves
 it controls the flow of water through tunnels and penstocks. In many
large dams, valves are installed in underground vaults or chambers to
which access is gained downstream from the dam.
THE END