HYDROPOWER PLANT

CHUAH SZE YU 24115

VELISIA CHANDRA GUNAWAN 24084
 CASE

• During a camping trip you notice that water is discharged from a

high reservoir to a stream in the valley through a 30-cm-diameter
plastic pipe. The elevation difference between the free surface of
the reservoir and the stream is 70 m. You conceive the idea of
generating power from this water. Design a power plant that gives
the most power from this source. Investigate the effect of power
generation on the discharge rate of water. What discharge rate will
maximize the power production?
 OBJECTIVE
Design a power plant that gives the most power from this
source:

• Investigate the effect of power generation on the discharge

rate of water.

• What discharge rate will maximize the power production?

70 m

0.30 m

200 m
 Assumptions
• The flow is steady and incompressible.
• Entrance effects are negligible, and thus the flow is fully developed
and friction factor is constant.
• Minor losses are negligible.
• Water level is constant.
• Volumetric Flow Rate = 0.8 m3
• Length of Pipe = 200 m
 PROPERTIES

• Temperature 20°C.

• The density and dynamic viscosity of water at 20°C are ρ = 1000

kg/m3 and μ = 1.00×10-3 kg/m⋅s.

• The roughness of plastic pipes is ε = 0.0015 mm.

• Diameter of Pipe = 30 cm = 0.3 m

 ANALYSIS
• We take point 1 at the free surface of the reservoir, and point 2 and
the reference level at the free surface of the water leaving the turbine
site (z2 = 0). Noting that the fluid at both points is open to the
atmosphere (and thus P1 = P2 = Patm)

• Fluid velocities at both points are very low (V1 ≅ V2 ≅ 0)

Two points are determined as z1 and z2.
V1 ≅ V2 ≅ 0
P1 = P2 = Patm

70 m

0.30 m

200 m

z2 = 0
The energy equation for a control volume
between these two points (in terms of heads)
0 0 0 0
0 0
𝑃1 𝑉12 𝑃2 𝑉22
+ + 𝑧1 + ℎ𝑝𝑢𝑚𝑝 = + + 𝑧2 + ℎ𝑡𝑢𝑟𝑏𝑖𝑛𝑒 + ℎ𝐿
𝜌𝑔 2𝑔 𝜌𝑔 2𝑔

V1 ≅ V2 ≅ 0 ℎ𝑡𝑢𝑟𝑏𝑖𝑛𝑒 = 𝑧1 − ℎ𝐿
z2 = 0
P1 = P2 = Patm
Find velocity by using Volumetric Flow Rate

𝑉ሶ 0.8 𝑚3 /𝑠 0.8 𝑚3 /𝑠
𝑉= = 2
= 2
= 11.32𝑚/𝑠
𝐴 𝜋𝐷 /4 𝜋(0.30 𝑚) /4
 Reynolds Number
𝜌𝑉𝐷 (1000 𝑘𝑔/𝑚3 )(11.32𝑚/𝑠)(0.30 𝑚)
𝑅𝑒 = = = 3.395 × 106
𝜇 1.00 𝑘𝑔/𝑚 ∙ 𝑠

The Reynolds Number is greater than 4000. Therefore, the flow is

turbulent.
Relative Roughness of Pipe
𝜀 0.0015 𝑚𝑚
= = 5 × 10−6
𝐷 300 𝑚𝑚
 Friction factor
𝜀 106 1
𝑓 = 0.001375 1 + 20000 + 3
𝐷 𝑅𝑒

0.0015 𝑚𝑚 106 1
𝑓 = 0.001375 1 + 20000 + 3 = 2.383 × 10−3
300 𝑚𝑚 3.395 𝑥 106
Minor looses are negligible, the head losses in the pipes and
the head extracted by the turbine are determined to be
11.32𝑚
𝐿 𝑉2 200𝑚 ( 2 )
ℎ𝐿 = 𝑓 = 2.383 × 10−3 𝑠 = 10.378 𝑚
𝐷 2𝑔 0.3𝑚 2(9.81𝑚)
𝑠2

ℎ𝑡𝑢𝑟𝑏𝑖𝑛𝑒 = 𝑧1 − ℎ𝐿 = 70𝑚 − 10.378 𝑚 = 59.622 𝑚

The extracted power from water and the
actual power output of the turbine:

𝑊ሶ = 𝑚𝑔ℎ
ሶ ሶ
= 𝜌𝑉𝑔ℎ
𝑘𝑔 𝑚3 9.81𝑚 1 𝑘𝑁 1 𝑘𝑊
= 1000 3 0.8 70𝑚
𝑚 𝑠 𝑠2 1000 𝑘𝑔/𝑚 ∙ 𝑠 1 𝑘𝑁 ∙ 𝑚/𝑠
= 467.913 𝑘𝑊

Actual Output depends on Efficiency of Turbine and lost in piping due to pipe
friction.
 Using Microsoft Excel Solver
This software will help in finding
• Maximum number of discharge rate/ volumetric flow rate
• Maximum Power Output
Input all necessary data
that have been calculated
and known.
𝜀
𝐷
 𝑉ሶ
𝑉=
𝐴
 𝜌𝑉𝐷
𝑅𝑒 =
𝜇
 𝜀 106 1
𝑓 = 0.001375 1 + 20000 + 3
𝐷 𝑅𝑒
 𝐿 𝑉2
ℎ𝐿 = 𝑓
𝐷 2𝑔
ℎ𝑡𝑢𝑟𝑏𝑖𝑛𝑒 = 𝑧1 − ℎ𝐿
 Conclusion
• Maximum Volumetric flow rate/ discharge rate = 1.24 m3/s

• Maximum Power Output = 560.85 kW