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1
Module Contents
The Rectangular Pulse
Orthogonal Multi-Carriers: OFDM
OFDM Benefits and Challenges
Effect of frequency errors in OFDM
Multiple access : OFDMA
Subcarriers Assignment Methods
SC-FDMA
OFDM Transmitter & receiver
FDD vs TDD
LTE Radio Frame Structure
3GPP spectrums allocation
Modulation Schemes in LTE/EUTRAN
MIMO
DL & UL Peak Bit Rates
LTE UE Categories
2
Pulse shaping and Spectrum
Fourier
Transform
3
The rectangular Pulse
Fourier
Transform
Advantages: Disadvantage:
• Simple to implement, there is no •it allocates a quite huge spectrum.
complex filter system required •Higher RF amplifier requirement
•Fixe duration on time: good for multi-
path propagation environments and
facing inter-symbol interference.
4
Module Contents
The Rectangular Pulse
Orthogonal Multi-Carriers: OFDM
OFDM Benefits and Challenges
Effect of frequency errors in OFDM
Multiple access : OFDMA
Subcarriers Assignment Methods
SC-FDMA
OFDM Transmitter & receiver
FDD vs TDD
LTE Radio Frame Structure
3GPP spectrums allocation
Modulation Schemes in LTE/EUTRAN
MIMO
DL & UL Peak Bit Rates
LTE UE Categories
5
Multi-Carrier Modulation
6
OFDM: Orthogonal Frequency Division Multi-
Carrier
In OFDM:
Overlapping carriers increases
special efficiency compared to
conventional FDM
Orthogonality between carriers
Parallel transmission of payload
across multiple
Simple rectangular pulse during
modulation period
7
Spectrum Overlapping of multiple OFDM
carriers
Orthogonal Subcarriers:
it means that at the subcarriers
center frequencies, there is no
Adjacent Carrier Interefence (ACI)
8
LTE/EUTRAN Air Interface
Carrier
Bandwidth Number of
In LTE, the DL air interface is based in Sub-Carriers
OFDMA (MHz)
1.4 72
LTE uses a 15 kHz subcarrier spacing (fs)
with 66.67 μs as Symbol 3 198
5 330
A single cell of EUTRAN uses at least 72
subcarriers and maximum 1320 10 660
subcarriers. 15 990
20 1320
(1320 Subcarriers)
Module Contents
The Rectangular Pulse
Orthogonal Multi-Carriers: OFDM
OFDM Benefits and Challenges
Effect of frequency errors in OFDM
Multiple access : OFDMA
Subcarriers Assignment Methods
SC-FDMA
OFDM Transmitter & receiver
FDD vs TDD
LTE Radio Frame Structure
3GPP spectrums allocation
Modulation Schemes in LTE/EUTRAN
MIMO
DL & UL Peak Bit Rates
LTE UE Categories
10
OFDM Advantages/Disadvantages
Key OFDM Advantages
•Increase Spectrum Efficiency
–Carrier orthogonality allows tight packing
•Robustness to Multipath Fading
–Cyclic Prefix and choice of Ts (The symbol length)
•Scalable Bandwidth Allocation
–Narrow carrier bandwidth increases flexibility
Disadvantages
•High Peak to Average Power Ratio (PAPR)
–Instantaneous power can vary dramatically within an
OFDM symbol
• Lower PA efficiency or
•Increased costs
•Sensitive to frequency and Timing Errors
–Transmitter and Receiver need to remain synchronized
•Guard Band Requirement
–Slow roll due to rectangular pulse
11
Module Contents
The Rectangular Pulse
Orthogonal Multi-Carriers: OFDM
OFDM Benefits and Challenges
Effect of frequency errors in OFDM
Multiple access : OFDMA
Subcarriers Assignment Methods
SC-FDMA
OFDM Transmitter & receiver
FDD vs TDD
LTE Radio Frame Structure
3GPP spectrums allocation
Modulation Schemes in LTE/EUTRAN
MIMO
DL & UL Peak Bit Rates
LTE UE Categories
12
Leakage effect due to Frequency Drift: ICI
I3
I1
I4
I0
f0 f1 f2 f3 f4
ICI = Inter-Carrier Interference
13
Multipath Effect (1/3)
14
Multipath Effect (2/3)
15
Multipath Effect (3/3)
Cyclic Prefix
16
Module Contents
The Rectangular Pulse
Orthogonal Multi-Carriers: OFDM
OFDM Benefits and Challenges
Effect of frequency errors in OFDM
Multiple access : OFDMA
Subcarriers Assignment Methods
SC-FDMA
OFDM Transmitter & receiver
FDD vs TDD
LTE Radio Frame Structure
3GPP spectrums allocation
Modulation Schemes in LTE/EUTRAN
MIMO
DL & UL Peak Bit Rates
LTE UE Categories
17
Different Multi-Access techniques
18
OFDM Multiple Access
Plain OFDM
19
Plain OFDM
Plain OFDM
time
...
subcarrier
. . . . .
uplink feedback channels (i.e DVB-T/H) . . . . .
. . . . .
...
...
...
...
common info
(may be addressed via ...
Higher Layers)
Time Division Multiple Access via OFDM
Time Division Multiple
Access on OFDM
time
...
+ Simple to implement
1 2 3 1 2 ...
- No flexibility on bit rate services ...
1 2 3 1 2 ...
subcarrier
. . . . .
. . . . .
. . . . .
...
...
1 2 3 1 2 ...
22
Module Contents
The Rectangular Pulse
Orthogonal Multi-Carriers: OFDM
OFDM Benefits and Challenges
Effect of frequency errors in OFDM
Multiple access : OFDMA
Subcarriers Assignment Methods
SC-FDMA
OFDM Transmitter & receiver
FDD vs TDD
LTE Radio Frame Structure
3GPP spectrums allocation
Modulation Schemes in LTE/EUTRAN
MIMO
DL & UL Peak Bit Rates
LTE UE Categories
23
Resources allocation methods
Localized:
•Use consecutive subcarriers
•Simpler to implement
•LTE uses localized SC-FDMA
for data and control channels
Distributed:
•Distribute subcarriers across
frequency bands
•Increases frequency diversity
•Also increases complexity
24
Subcarriers Assignment Methods
time time
subcarrier
•Detailed information about
•Overall channel each channel is needed by
estimation, thus simpler the scheduler
receiver
…
•Throughout Lower then in
Localized assignment mode
25
Module Contents
The Rectangular Pulse
Orthogonal Multi-Carriers: OFDM
OFDM Benefits and Challenges
Effect of frequency errors in OFDM
Multiple access : OFDMA
Subcarriers Assignment Methods
SC-FDMA
OFDM Transmitter & receiver
FDD vs TDD
LTE Radio Frame Structure
3GPP spectrums allocation
Modulation Schemes in LTE/EUTRAN
MIMO
DL & UL Peak Bit Rates
LTE UE Categories
26
Peak to Average Power Ratio (PAPR)
27
SC-FDMA (solution)
•Low complexity
SC-FDMA
28
SC-FDMA characteristics
29
SC-FDMA and OFDMA Comparison (1/2)
OFDMA SC-FDMA
30
SC-FDMA and OFDMA Comparison (2/2)
31
Summary: OFDMA/ SC-OFDMA
32
Module Contents
The Rectangular Pulse
Orthogonal Multi-Carriers: OFDM
OFDM Benefits and Challenges
Effect of frequency errors in OFDM
Multiple access : OFDMA
Subcarriers Assignment Methods
SC-FDMA
OFDM Transmitter & receiver
FDD vs TDD
LTE Radio Frame Structure
3GPP spectrums allocation
Modulation Schemes in LTE/EUTRAN
MIMO
DL & UL Peak Bit Rates
LTE UE Categories
33
Fast Fourier Transform (FFT)
T
t FFT 1/T f
T
FFT
t 0 f
34
FFT Application in OFDMA
35
OFDM Transmitter
36
OFDM Receiver
Frequency Domain
Channel Correction
I rotator
Low Noise Amp.
Bit Distribution
RF
Demodulator
+ Bandpass
D Soft Bit
FFT
. . . .
Coded
. . . . Data
Q A
. . . .
signal strength
signal autocorreation
D
phase correction
j
s’N-1 sN-1 BN-1 0 …
AGC Bit Mapping
LNA gain Automatic
response
channel
adjust
QPSK
(pilot)
Im
Channel 01 11
Frequency And Timing Sync Estimation d11
sk
Re
d10
00 10
37
Module Contents
The Rectangular Pulse
Orthogonal Multi-Carriers: OFDM
OFDM Benefits and Challenges
Effect of frequency errors in OFDM
Multiple access : OFDMA
Subcarriers Assignment Methods
SC-FDMA
OFDM Transmitter
FDD vs TDD
LTE Radio Frame Structure
3GPP spectrums allocation
Modulation Schemes in LTE/EUTRAN
MIMO
DL & UL Peak Bit Rates
LTE UE Categories
38
LTE FDD and TDD Modes
t
t
Duplex Time
Bandwidth Bandwidth Bandwidth
Uplink
UL
UL
UL
Uplink Downlink DL
DL Downlink
DL
DL
f
f
Duplex Frequency
39
FDD vs TDD
•Reciprocity of UL and DL
Better L1 performance for Low Ue velocities
•Faster scheduling possible Reduced L1 signaling
•No interference problem Easy open loop algorithms possible
Easy coexistence with neighbor •Support of Asymmetric UL and DL traffic
operators Less restrictions for pico and micro cells
•No cell synchronization necessary But very strong restrictions for macro cells
•Deployment in unpaired bands possible
But coexistence issues with other systems and
other operators
40
Module Contents
The Rectangular Pulse
Orthogonal Multi-Carriers: OFDM
OFDM Benefits and Challenges
Effect of frequency errors in OFDM
Multiple access : OFDMA
Subcarriers Assignment Methods
SC-FDMA
OFDM Transmitter & receiver
FDD vs TDD
LTE Radio Frame Structure
3GPP spectrums allocation
Modulation Schemes in LTE/EUTRAN
MIMO
DL & UL Peak Bit Rates
LTE UE Categories
41
LTE Radio Frames, Slots and Subframes
FDD mode (1/2)
42
LTE Radio Frames, Slots and Subframes
FDD mode (2/2)
43
LTE Radio Frames, Slots and Subframes
TDD mode (1/2)
45
OFDMA Resource Block for LTE/EUTRAN
F
Resource Block
consecutive subcarriers during one slot ( 0.5 ms)
Bandwidth
180kHz
•The scheduler always allocates minimum of 2
consecutive RB for one user Subcarrier
Bandwidth
•1 ms This is the transmission time interval (TTI) 15kHz
in LTE
•A single cell must have at least 6 resource blocks
(72 subcarriers) and up to 110 are possible (1320
subcarriers)
T
Slot Slot
Subframe 1ms
OFDMA resource Grid for LTE/EUTRAN.
Channel Estimation
•Channel estimation based on reference symbols (Pilot Symbols).
•Reference symbols helps the UE to keep the synchronization with the
network over the air interface, both in term of time and frequency
synchronization.
•In WCDMA common pilot channel (CPICH) was used for this (together
with reference symbols on DCH).
47
Module Contents
The Rectangular Pulse
Orthogonal Multi-Carriers: OFDM
OFDM Benefits and Challenges
Effect of frequency errors in OFDM
Multiple access : OFDMA
Subcarriers Assignment Methods
SC-FDMA
OFDM Transmitter & receiver
FDD vs TDD
LTE Radio Frame Structure
3GPP spectrums allocation
Modulation Schemes in LTE/EUTRAN
MIMO
DL & UL Peak Bit Rates
LTE UE Categories
48
3GPP Spectrum allocation
49
Module Contents
The Rectangular Pulse
Orthogonal Multi-Carriers: OFDM
OFDM Benefits and Challenges
Effect of frequency errors in OFDM
Multiple access : OFDMA
Subcarriers Assignment Methods
SC-FDMA
OFDM Transmitter & receiver
FDD vs TDD
LTE Radio Frame Structure
3GPP spectrums allocation
Modulation Schemes in LTE/EUTRAN
MIMO
DL & UL Peak Bit Rates
LTE UE Categories
50
OFDM and modulation techniques
Thus, each tone can carry 2 to 6 coded bits for each symbol time
51
Module Contents
The Rectangular Pulse
Orthogonal Multi-Carriers: OFDM
OFDM Benefits and Challenges
Effect of frequency errors in OFDM
Multiple access : OFDMA
Subcarriers Assignment Methods
SC-FDMA
OFDM Transmitter & receiver
FDD vs TDD
LTE Radio Frame Structure
3GPP spectrums allocation
Modulation Schemes in LTE/EUTRAN
MIMO
DL & UL Peak Bit Rates
LTE UE Categories
52
MIMO (for Multiple Inputs Multiple Outputs)
TX RX
MIMO
Tx Channel Rx
53
MIMO characteristics
Multiple codeword (MCW): each stream/ antenna has its own FEC coding
54
MIMO implementation types (1/2)
Radio channel
Radio channel
56
Module Contents
The Rectangular Pulse
Orthogonal Multi-Carriers: OFDM
OFDM Benefits and Challenges
Effect of frequency errors in OFDM
Multiple access : OFDMA
Subcarriers Assignment Methods
SC-FDMA
OFDM Transmitter & receiver
FDD vs TDD
LTE Radio Frame Structure
3GPP spectrums allocation
Modulation Schemes in LTE/EUTRAN
MIMO
DL & UL Peak Bit Rates
LTE UE Categories
57
Downlink Peak Bit Rate
58
Uplink Peak Bit Rate
59
Module Contents
The Rectangular Pulse
Orthogonal Multi-Carriers: OFDM
OFDM Benefits and Challenges
Effect of frequency errors in OFDM
Multiple access : OFDMA
Subcarriers Assignment Methods
SC-FDMA
OFDM Transmitter & receiver
FDD vs TDD
LTE Radio Frame Structure
3GPP spectrums allocation
Modulation Schemes in LTE/EUTRAN
MIMO
DL & UL Peak Bit Rates
LTE UE Categories
60
LTE UE Categories
All categories support 20 MHz
64QAM mandatory in downlink, but not in uplink (except Class 5)
2x2 MIMO mandatory in other classes except Class 1
61
Summary
62