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Eng-CE
The coordinate method of traverse
adjustment may be employed when the
preliminary coordinates of stations along
the traverse have been determined.
Is simply an simplification of the compass
rule since the corrections applied and
proportionate to the lengths being
adjusted.
A = ½ x1x2 x3 x4……. Xn
y1 y2 y3 y4……. Yn
A = ½ [(x1y2)+(x2y3)+(x3y4)]-
[y1x2+y2x3+y3x4]
Problem No. 1
Compute the area by coordinate
method of those traverse whose
coordinates are given:
A = 160,341
B = 140,153
C = 226,0
D = 31,30
E = 0, 170
For any closed traverse the first step taken
by the surveyor should always be to check if
the observed angles fulfill the geometric
conditions of the figure.
There are various other computations and
adjustments required for a closed traverse.
• Determining the latitudes and departures,
calculating the total error of the closure, balancing
the survey, determining the adjusted position of each
traverse station.
Latitude
• Is its projection onto the reference meridian or a
north-south line.
• Are sometimes referred to as northings or
southings.
Departure
• Is its projection onto the reference parallel or a
east-west line.
• Are sometimes referred to as easterly or
westerly.
There is no such thing as mathematically
perfect survey.
Small errors in both distances and angles
will always be present even in closed
traverses observed using instrumentation
and methods of high precision.
Is usually a short line of unknown length
and direction connecting the initial and
final stations of the traverse.
It is approximately determined by
plotting the traverse to scale, or more
exactly by computing the hypothenuse of
a right triangle whose sides are the
closure in latitudes and the closure in
departures, respectively.
LEC = (CLat2+Cdep2)0.5
Tanθ = CD/CL
Where:
LEC = linear error of closure
CL = Closure in latitude or the algebraic
of sum of north and south latitudes.
CD = Closure in departure or the
algebraic sum of the east and west
departures
θ = bearing angle of the side of error
The linear error of closure does not indicate
the precision of the measurements until it is
compared with the total length of the
traverse.
A convenient and more useful measure of
precision is defined by the ratio of the linear
error of closure to the perimeter or total
length of the traverse.
RP = LEC /
Where : RP = Relative Precision
LEC = Linear Error of Closure
D = Total length of perimeter of the
traverse.
The compass or Bowditch rule which was
named after the distinguished American
Navigator Nathaniel Bowditch.
Commonly used rule for balancing latitudes
and departures.
The correction to be applied to the latitude
or departure of any course is equal to the
total closure in latitude or departure
multiplied by the ratio of the length of the
course to the total length or perimeter of the
traverse.
C1= CL (d/D) and Cd = CD (d/D)
Where:
C1 = Correction to be applied to the latitude
of any course
Cd = Correction to be applied to the
departure of any course
CL = total closure in latitude or the algebraic
sum of the north and south latitudes
CD = total closure in departure or the
algebraic sum of the east and west departures
d = length of any closure
D = total length or perimeter of the traverse
The method of adjusting a traverse by the
transit rule is similar to the method using
the compass rule.
The main difference is that with the
transit rule the latitude and departure
corrections depend on the length of the
latitude and departure of the course
respectively instead of both depending
on the length of the course.
The transit rule may be stated as follows:
The correction to be applied to the
latitude or departure of any course is
equal to the latitude or departure of the
course multiplied by the ratio of the total
closure in latitude or departure to the
arithmetical sum of all the latitudes or
departures of the traverse.
DMD of BC = EB + FC
Latitude of BC = EF
Area of BCFE
A=(EB+FC)(EF)/2
2A=(DMD) Latitude
DMD of the first course is equal to the
departure of that course.
DMD of any other course is equal to the
DMD of the preceding course ,plus the
departure of the preceding course plus
the departure of the course itself.
DMD of the last course is numerically
equal to the departure of the last course
but opposite in sign.
Compute the latitudes and departures of all
courses.
Compute the error of closure in latitudes
and departures
Balance the latitudes and departures by
applying either transit rule or compass rule.
Compute for the DMD of all courses.
Compute the double areas by multiplying
each DMD by the corresponding latitude.
Determine the algebraic sum of the double
areas.
Divide the algebraic sum of the double area
to obtain the area of the whole tract.
• Double Area = DMD x Latitude
DPD of the first course is equal to the
latitude of that course.
DPD of any other course is equal to the
DPD of the preceding course ,plus the
latitude of the preceding course plus the
latitude of the course itself.
DPD of the last course is numerically
equal to the latitude of the last course but
opposite in sign.
Problem No. 4
Area by DMD
Lines Lat Dep DMD DA
1-2 +60 -30
2-3 -20 +20
3-4 -80 +60
4-1 +40 -50
Problem No. 5
Area by DPD
Lines Lat Dep DPD DA
1-2 +60 -30
2-3 -20 +20
3-4 -80 +60
4-1 +40 -50
Problem No. 6
From the given technical description
of a lot. Determine the area using DMD and
DPD.
• Cases:
Omitted Measurements are on one side.
Omitted Measurements involving 2 adjoining sides
Omitted Measurements involving 2 non-adjoining
sides
Procedure
• Step 1: Get the summation of latitude and
departure . The sum will be the latitude and
departure of the unknown line but opposite in
direction.
• Step 2: Get the line by Phytagorean Theorem.
Procedure:
• Get the lat and dep of the closing line.
• Get the interior angles of the triangle.
• Evaluate using the basic principles of geometry.
Problem No. 2
• From the given closed traversed shown,
Determine the Bearing of DE and EA.
Steps:
• Determine the length and bearing of the
dividing line by finding one tract of the land
• Calculate area of each of two tracts into which
parcel of land is divided.
1. Given the following data on a tract of land,
determine the area of winning of CDEF and
calculate the length and bearing of FC.