ARRAY AND

TYPES OF
SUBMITTED TO:
ANTENNA
ARRAYS
PROF. SAILESH KHANT
ASSISTANT PROFESSOR
ELECTRONICS AND COMMUNICATION DEPARTMENT
A D PATEL INSTITIUTE OF TECHNOLOGY
SUBMITTED BY:
KRITESH CHOUBEY | SAUMYA LOHAR | PATEL JAYNIL
130010111016 | 160010111010 | 150010111020
4TH YEAR EC
 WHAT IS AN ANTENNA?

An antenna is a transducer that converts radio frequency (RF) fields into

alternating current or vice versa. There are both receiving and
transmission antennas for sending or receiving radio transmissions.
Antennas play an important role in the operation of all radio equipment.
They are used in wireless local area networks, mobile telephony and
satellite communication.
 BLOCK DIAGRAM OF AN ANTENNA SYSTEM

Antennas have an arrangement of metallic conductors with an electrical

connection to receivers or transmitters. Current is forced through these
conductors by radio transmitters to create alternating magnetic fields. These
fields induce voltage at the antenna terminals, which are connected to the
receiver input. In the far field, the oscillating magnetic field is coupled with a
similar oscillating electric field, which defines electromagnetic waves capable
of propagating the signal for long distances.
 TYPES OF ANTENNA

HELICAL PARABOLIC REFLECTOR HELICAL

ANTENNA ANTENNA ANTENNA
 WHAT IS AN ANTENNA ARRAY

An antenna array (or array antenna) is a set of multiple connected antennas which work together as a single
antenna, to transmit or receive radio waves. The individual antennas (called elements) are usually connected to a
single receiver or transmitter by feedlines that feed the power to the elements in a specific phase relationship. The
radio waves radiated by each individual antenna combine and superpose, adding together (interfering
constructively) to enhance the power radiated in desired directions, and cancelling (interfering destructively) to
reduce the power radiated in other directions. Similarly, when used for receiving, the separate radio frequency
currents from the individual antennas combine in the receiver with the correct phase relationship to enhance signals
received from the desired directions and cancel signals from undesired directions. More sophisticated array
antennas may have multiple transmitter or receiver modules, each connected to a separate antenna element or
group of elements.
 APPLICATIONS OF ANTENNA ARRAY

1. Used in Satellite Communication

2. Used in wireless communication
3. Used in military radar communications
4. Used in Astronomical Study
5. Used in RADAR Communication
6. Used in RADAR Communication
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In a general sense, this is not exactly the case. A single dipole is sufficient for trans-Atlantic, and
indeed, even global communications. Arrays a re mainly used to fix the directivity of the
transmission. For instance, two antennae fed with a splitter that has each antenna element in
the same phase will cause a bi-directional lobe in just two directions. Old CB radio operators
called this co-phase, and cast lobes from their vehicle forward and behind to ideally transmit
ahead of the and behind them on a road. IN the days where AM radio stations were licensed to
provide directional radio navigation sources to ships at sea, they would have four antennae in a
line, and they were fed in different phases such that(mainly at night, since the propagation was
better) lobes were cast out toward the ocean.
 ADVANTAGES OF ANTENNA ARRAY

The following are the advantages of using antenna arrays

1. The signal strength increases
2. High directivity is obtained
3. Minor lobes are reduced muchZS

4. High Signal-to-noise ratio is achieved

5. High gain is obtained
6. Power wastage is reduced
7. Better performance is obtained
 DISADVANTAGES OF ANTENNA ARRAY

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The following are the disadvantages of using antenna arrays

1. Resistive losses are increased
2. Mounting and maintenance is difficult
3. Huge external space is required
 TYPES OF ANTENNA ARRAY
The basic types of arrays are
1. Collinear array
2. Broad side array
3. End fire array ZS

4. Parasitic array
5. Yagi-Uda array
6. Log-peroidic array
7. Turnstile array
8. Super-turnstile array
 COLLINEAR ARRAY

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A Collinear array consists of two or more half-wave dipoles, which are placed end to end. These antennas are
placed on a common line or axis, being parallel or collinear. The maximum radiation in these arrays is broad side
and perpendicular to the line of array. These arrays are also called as broad cast or Omni-directional arrays. The
frequency range in which the collinear array antennas operate is around 30 MHz to 3GHz which belong to
the VHF and UHF bands.

These collinear arrays are uni-directional antennas having high gain. The main purpose of this array is to increase
the power radiated and to provide high directional beam, by avoiding power loss in other directions. The radiation
pattern of collinear array when made using two elements, three elements and four elements respectively are
shown in the figure given above. The broad side array also has the same pattern, in which the direction of
maximum radiation is perpendicular to the line of antenna.
 APPLICATION OF COLLINEAR ARRAY

Below mentioned are the applications of a collinear

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array
1. Used for VHF and UHF bands
2. Used in two-way communications
3. Used also for broadcasting purposes
 ADVANTAGES OF COLLINEAR ARRAY
The following are the advantages of collinear array
antennas
1. Use of array reduces the broad ends and
increases the directivityZS
2. Minor lobes are minimized
3. Wastage of power is reduced
 DISADVANTAGES OF COLLINEAR ARRAY

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The following are the disadvantages of collinear

array antennas
1. Displacement of these antennas is a difficult task
2. Used only in outdoor areas
 BROAD SIDE ARRAY

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The antenna array in its simplest form, having a number of elements of equal size, equally spaced along a straight line or axis,
forming collinear points, with all dipoles in the same phase, from the same source together form the broad side array.
The frequency range, in which the broad side array antennas operate is around 30 MHz to 3GHz which belong to
the VHF and UHF bands.
According to the standard definition, “An arrangement in which the principal direction of radiation is perpendicular to the array
axis and also to the plane containing the array element” is termed as the broad side array. Hence, the radiation pattern of the
antenna is perpendicular to the axis on which the array exists.
The above diagram shows the broad side array, in front view and side view, respectively.
The broad side array is strongly directional at right angles to the plane of the array. However, the radiation in the plane will be
very less because of the cancellation in the direction joining the center.
 RADIATION PATTERN OF BROAD SIDE ARRAY
The figure of broad side array with λ/4 spacing is shown below.
Typical antenna lengths in the broad side array are from 2 to 10 wavelengths. Typical spacings are λ/2 or λ. The feed points of the
dipoles are joined as shown in the figure.

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The radiation pattern of this antenna is bi-directional and right angles to the plane. The beam is very narrow with high gain.

The above figure shows the radiation pattern of the broad side array. The beam is a bit wider and minor lobes are much reduced
in this.
 END FIRE ARRAY
The physical arrangement of end-fire array is same as that of the broad side array. The magnitude of currents in each element is
same, but there is a phase difference between these currents. This induction of energy differs in each element, which can be
understood by the following diagram.

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The above figure shows the end-fire array in top and side views respectively. There is no radiation in the right angles to the plane
of the array because of cancellation. The first and third elements are fed out of phase and therefore cancel each other’s
radiation. Similarly, second and fourth are fed out of phase, to get cancelled. The usual dipole spacing will be λ/4 or 3λ/4. This
arrangement not only helps to avoid the radiation perpendicular to the antenna plane, but also helps the radiated energy get
diverted to the direction of radiation of the whole array. Hence, the minor lobes are avoided and the directivity is increased. The
beam becomes narrower with the increased elements.
 RADIATION PATTERN OF END FIRE ARRAY

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The Radiation pattern of end-fire array is uni-directional. A
major lobe occurs at one end, where maximum radiation is
present, while the minor lobes represent the losses. The
Radiation pattern of end-fire array is uni-directional. A major
lobe occurs at one end, where maximum radiation is present,
while the minor lobes represent the losses.
 PARASITIC ARRAY

The antenna arrays as seen above, are used for the improvement ZS of gain and directivity. A parasitic element is an element,
which depends on other’s feed. It does not have its own feed. Hence, in this type of arrays we employ such elements, which help
in increasing the radiation indirectly. These parasitic elements are not directly connected to the feed. The above image shows an
example of a parasitic array. The mesh structure seen in the picture, is nothing but a set of reflectors. These reflectors are not
electrically connected. They increase the signal strength by increasing the directivity of the beam.

Construction & Working of Parasitic Array

The main parts are in a parasitic array are:
1. Driven element
2. Parasitic elements
a. Reflector
b. Director
3. Boom
 ELEMENTS IN THE PARASITIC ARRAY
1. Driven element
The antennas radiate individually and while in array, the radiation of all the elements sum up to form the
radiation beam. All the elements of the array need not be connected to the feed. The dipole that is
connected to the feed is known as a driven element.
2. Parasitic Elements
The elements, which are added do not possess an electrical connection between them to the driven
element or the feed. They are positioned so that they lie in the induction field of the driven element. Hence,
they are known as parasitic elements.
a. Reflector ZS
If one of the parasitic element, which is 5% longer than driven element, is placed close to the driven
element is longer, then it acts as a concave mirror, which reflects the energy in the direction of the
radiation pattern rather than its own direction and hence is known as a reflector.
b. Director
A parasitic element, which is 5% shorter than the driven element, from which it receives energy, tends to
increase radiation in its own direction and therefore, behaves like convergent convex lens. This element is
called as a director. A number of directors are placed to increase the directivity.
3. Boom
The element on which all these are placed is callled a boom. It is a non-metallic structure which provides
insulation, so that there will not be any short circuit between the other elements of the array.
 DIAGRAM OF PARASITIC ARRAY
All the main elements, which contribute the radiation. This can be better understood with the help of a diagram. The
image shown above is that of a parasitic array, which shows the parts of parasitic array such as the driven element, the
directors and the reflector. The feed is given through the feeder.

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The arrays are used at frequencies ranging from 2MHz to several GHz. These are especially used to get high directivity, and
better forward gain with a uni-directional. The most common example of this type of array is the Yagi-Uda antenna. Quad
antenna may also be quoted as another example.
 YAGI-UDA ARRAY
Yagi-Uda antenna is the most commonly used type of antenna for TV reception over the last few decades. It is the most popular
and easy-to-use type of antenna with better performance, which is famous for its high gain and directivity. The frequency range
in which the Yagi-Uda antennas operate is around 30 MHz to 3GHz which belong to the VHF and UHF bands.
Designing
For this antenna to be designed, the following design specifications should be followed.

Radiation Pattern ZS
The directional pattern of the Yagi-Uda antenna is highly directive as shown in the figure given below.

The minor lobes are suppressed and the directivity of the major lobe is increased by the addition of directors to the antenna.
 APPLICATION OF YAGI-UDA ARRAY

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The following are the applications of Yagi-Uda antennas

1. Mostly used for TV reception.
2. Used where a single-frequency application is needed.
 ADVANTAGES OF YAGI-UDA ARRAY

The following are the advantages of Yagi-Uda antennas

1.High gain is achieved.
2.High directivity is achieved.
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3.Ease of handling and maintenance.

4.Less amount of power is wasted.
5.Broader coverage of frequencies.
 DISADVANTAGES OF YAGI-UDA ARRAY

The following are the disadvantages of Yagi-Uda antennas

1.Prone to noise.
2.Prone to atmospheric effects.
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 LOG-PERIODIC ARRAY
The Yagi-Uda antenna is used for domestic purpose. However, for commercial purpose and to tune over a range of frequencies,
we need to have another antenna known as the Log-periodic antenna. A Log-periodic antenna is that whose impedance is a
logarithmically periodic function of frequency. The frequency range, in which the log-periodic antennas operate is around 30
MHz to 3GHz which belong to the VHF and UHF bands.
Construction & Working of Log-periodic Antenna
The construction and operation of a log-periodic antenna is similar to that of a Yagi-Uda antenna. The main advantage of this
antenna is that it exhibits constant characteristics over a desired frequency range of operation. It has the same radiation
resistance and therefore the same SWR. The gain and front-to-back ratio are also the same. With the change in operation
frequency, the active region shifts among the elements and hence all the elements will not be active only on a single frequency.
This is its special characteristic. There are several type of log-periodic
ZS antennas such as the planar, trapezoidal, zig-zag, V-type,
slot and the dipole. The mostly used one is log-periodic dipole array, in short, LPDA. With the change in operation frequency, the
active region shifts among the elements and hence all the elements will not be active only on a single frequency. This is
its special characteristic. There are several type of log-periodic antennas such as the planar, trapezoidal, zig-zag, V-type, slot and
the dipole. The mostly used one is log-periodic dipole array, in short, LPDA.
 RADIATION PATTERN OF LOG-PERIODIC
The Radiation pattern of log-periodic antenna can be ARRAY
of uni-directional or bi-directional, depending upon the log periodic
structures. For uni-directional Log-periodic antenna, the radiation towards shorter element is of considerable amount, whereas
in forward direction, it is small or zero. The radiational pattern for uni-directional log-periodic antenna is given in Fig A

For bi-directional Log-periodic antenna, the maximum radiation is in

broad side, which is normal to the surface of the antenna.

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Fig B
Fig B above shows the radiational pattern for a bi-directional log-periodic
Fig A antenna.
 APPLICATION OF LOG-PERIODIC ARRAY
The following are the applications of Log-periodic
antennas
1.Used for HF communications.
2.Used for particular sort of TV receptions.
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3.Used for all round monitoring in higher

frequency bands.
 PROS AND CONS OF LOG-PERIODIC ARRAY

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The following are the advantages

of Log-periodic antennas
1.The antenna design is compact.
2.Gain and radiation pattern are
varied according to the
requirements.
The following are the cons of Log-
periodic antennas
1.External mount.
2.Installation cost is high
 TURNSTILE ARRAY
The Turnstile antenna is another type of array antenna. The shape of this array symbolizes the turnstile, which is
used at the entrances of few places. This antenna has a wide variety of military applications. The frequency range in
which the turnstile antennas operate is around 30 MHz to 3GHz which belong to the VHF and UHF bands.
Construction & Working of Turnstile Antenna
Two identical half-wave dipoles are placed at right angles to each other and are fed inphase. These dipoles are
excited 90° out of phase with each other. Turnstile array can also be termed as crossed dipoles array.

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The above images illustrate turnstile antennas.

To provide high directivity, several turnstiles may be stacked along a vertical axis, and are phased as shown in the
figure given above. The polarization of these turnstile antennas depend upon their mode of operation.
The pair of such dipoles frequently stacked, is known as BAY. In the figures shown above, two bays are spaced half
wavelength (λ/2) apart and the corresponding elements are fed in phase. The radiation produce by the combination
of bays results in better directivity.
MODES OF OPERATION OF TURNSTILE ARRAY
The following are the modes of operation of a Turnstile antenna.
1. Normal mode
In Normal mode of operation, the antenna radiates horizontally
polarized waves which are perpendicular to its axis.

2. Axial mode ZS
In Axial mode of operation, the antenna radiates circularly polarized waves
along its axis i.e. parallel to its axis.

For circular polarization, the transmitter radiating with right-circular

polarization should have a receiver with same right-circular polarization and
vice versa. If it is left-circular polarized one, unlike the transmitter, there will
be a severe loss of gain.
 SUPER-TURNSTILE ARRAY
For a turnstile antenna, the radiation power is 3dB below the maximum radiation of a halfwave
dipole radiating the same power. Therefore, to overcome this disadvantage, the Super-turnstile
antenna is built.
The simple dipole elements in turnstile are replaced by four flat sheets in Super-turnstile. The
design of Super-turnstile array is such that 1 to 8 bays can be constructed on a single mast. The
other name for Super-turnstile antenna is the Batwing Antenna.

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The above images show super-turnstile antenna. Figure 1 shows the arrangement of
superturnstile array with the red dots being the feed points. Figure 2 shows the stacked turnstile
array used in satellite communications.
 RADIATION PATTERN OF TURNSTILE ARRAY

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The radiation pattern will be similar to the radiation pattern of two super imposed dipoles.
Though it is close to omni-directional pattern, it leaves a clove leaf shaped pattern. The above
figure shows the radiational pattern of a turnstile array. The typical patterns were combined to
produce a nearly circular pattern.
• Figure A shows the individual patterns being combined.
• Figure B shows the vertical pattern of single bay and also the combined pattern of four bays.
• Figure C shows the resultant combined pattern of four bays showing better directivity.
 APPLICATION OF TURNSTILE ARRAY
The following are the applications of Turnstile antennas
1.Used for VHF communications
2.Used for FM and TV broadcasting
3.Used in military communications
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4.Used in satellite communications
 PROS AND CONS OF TURNSTILE ARRAY

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The following are the advantages of

Turnstile antennas −
1. High-gain is achieved by stacking
2. Super-turnstile produces high-gain
output
3. Better directivity is achieved
The following is the disadvantage of
Turnstile antennas −
1. The radiation power is 3dB below the
maximum radiation of a half wave
dipole radiating the same power.
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