Composite

•Made by : Seyed Payam Hosseini 1602334

Alireza Farhadi 1701940
• Lecturer : Dr. Marika Janelidze
 COMPOSITE CHEMISTRY
• Dental composite is composed of a resin matrix and filler materials.
• Coupling agents are used to improve adherence of resin to filler surfaces.
• Activation systems including heat, chemical and photochemical initiate
polymerization.
• Plasticizers are solvents that contain catalysts for mixture into resin.
• Monomer, a single molecule, is joined together to form a polymer, a long chain
of monomers.
• Physical characteristics improve by combining more than one type of
monomer and are referred to as a copolymer.
• Cross linking monomers join long chain polymers together along the chain and
improve strength.
 RESIN MATERIALS
Resin matrix
the resin matrix is the chemically active component of the composite. It is
initially fluid monomer but is converted into a rigid polymer by a
radical addition reaction. The most commonly used monomer for both
anterior and posterior resins are:

• Bis-GMA which is derived from the reaction of bisphenol-A

and glycidyl methacrylate
• UDMA urethane dimethacrylate resin
 RESIN MATERIALS
•Resin matrix
•Bis-GMA and UDMA monomers are highly viscous fluids, because
of their high molecular weight. Adding even a small amount will
cause excessive stiffness. To overcome this problem, low-viscosity
monomers or viscosity controllers are added:
• MMA methyl methacrylate
• EDMA ethylene glycol dimethacrilate
• TEGDMA triethylene glycol dimethacrylate (mostly used)
o Also following components are added:
• Inhibitor such as hydroquinone to prevent premature polymerization
• Activation/initiation systems (chemical or light curing)
 COUPLING AGENTS
• Coupling agents are used to improve adherence of resin to filler surfaces.
• Coupling agents chemically coat filler surfaces and increase strength.
• Silanes have been used to coat fillers for over fifty years in industrial plastics and
later in dental fillers. Today, they are still state of the art.
• Silanes have disadvantages. They age quickly in a bottle and become
ineffective. Silanes are sensitive to water so the silane filler bond breaks down
with moisture.
• Water absorbed into composites results in hydrolysis of the silane bond and
eventual filler loss.
• Common silane agents are:
vinyl triethoxysilane
methacryloxypropyltrimethoxysilane
 COMPOSITE FILLERS
• Fillers are placed in dental composites to reduce shrinkage upon
curing.
• Physical properties of composite are improved by fillers,
however, composite characteristics change based on filler
material, surface, size, load, shape, surface modifiers, optical
index, filler load and size distribution.
• Materials such as strontium glass, barium glass, quartz,
borosilicate glass, ceramic, silica, prepolymerized resin, or the
like are used.
FILLERS CLASSIFICATION
• Fillers are classified by material, shape and size.
• Fillers are irregular or spherical in shape depending on the
mode of manufacture.
• Spherical particles are easier to incorporate into a resin mix and
to fill more space leaving less resin.
• One size spherical particle occupies a certain space.
• Adding smaller particles fills the space between the larger
particles to take up more space.
• There is less resin remaining and therefore, less shrinkage on
curing the more size particles used in proper distribution.
FILLERS CLASSIFICATION

• Classification According to Size:-

MACROFILLERS ---- 10 TO 100 um
MIDIFILLERS ----- 1 TO 10 um
MINIFILLERS ----- 0.1 TO 1 um
MICROFILLERS ----- 0.01 TO 0.1 um
NANOFILLERS ----- 0.005 TO 0.01 um
 COMPOSITE
CLASSIFICATION
• Composite is classified by initiation techniques, filler size, and
viscosity.
• Laboratory heat process fillings are processed under nitrogen
and pressure to produce a more thorough cure.
• Core build up materials are commonly self cure.
• Dual cure composite is commonly used as a cementing medium
under crowns.
• Viscosity determines flow characteristics during placement. A
flowable composite flows like liquid or a loose gel. A packable
composite is firm and hard to displace.
 Composite is classified by initiation
techniques, filler size, and viscosity

• Heat cured composites are polymerized by application of heat.

• Self cured composite means chemical initiation converting
monomer to polymer takes place.
• Light cured composite means photochemical initiation causes
polymerization
• Dual cure means chemical initiation is used and combined with
photochemical initiation so either and both techniques
polymerize composite.
 INDICATIONS

• 1) Class-I, II, III, IV, V & VI restorations.

• 2) Foundations or core buildups.
• 3) Sealant & Preventive resin restorations.
• 4) Esthetic enhancement procedures.
• 5) Luting
• 6) Temporary restorations
• 7) Periodontal splinting.
 CONTRAINDICATIONS

• 1) Inability to isolate the site.

• 2) Excessive masticatory forces.
• 3) Restorations extending to the root surfaces.
• 4) Other operator errors.
 ADVANTAGES

• 1) Esthetics
• 2) Conservative tooth preparation.
• 3) Insulative.
• 4) Bonded to the tooth structure.
• 5) repairable.
 DISADVANTAGES

• 1) May result in gap formation when restoration extends to the

root surface.
• 2) Technique sensitive.
• 3) Expensive
• 4) May exhibit more occlusal wear in areas of higher stresses.
• 5) Higher linear coefficient of thermal expansion.
 STEPS IN COMPOSITE
RESTORATION
• 1) Local anesthesia.
• 2) Preparation of the operating site.
• 3) Shade selection
• 4) Isolation of the operating site.
• 5) Tooth preparation.
• 6) preliminary steps of enamel and dentin bonding.
• 7) Matrix placement.
• 8) Inserting the composite.
• 9) Contouring the composite.
• 10) polishing the composite.
 PRINCIPLES OF ANTERIOR
COMPOSITE RESTORATION
• 1. Smile Design
• 2. Color and Color Analysis
• 3. Tooth Color
• 4. Tooth Shape
• 5. Tooth Position
• 6. Esthetic Goals
• 7. Composite Selection
• 8. Tooth Preparation
• 9. Bonding Techniques
• 10. Composite Placement
• 11. Composite Sculpture and
• 12. Composite Polishing to properly restore anterior teeth with composite:
 1. SMILE DESIGN

• A dentist must understand proper smile design so composite restoration can

achieve a beautiful smile. This is true for extensive veneering and small
restorations.
• Factors which are considered in smile design include:-
A. Smile Form which includes size in relation to the face, size of one tooth to
another, gingival contours to the upper lip line, incisal edges overall to the lower
lip line, arch position, teeth shape and size, perspective, and midline.
B. Teeth Form which includes understanding long axis, incisal edge, surface
contours, line angles, contact areas, embrasure form, height of contour, surface
texture, characterization, and tissue contours within an overall smile design.
C. Tooth Color of gingival, middle, incisal, and interproximal areas and the
intricacies of characterization within an overall smile design.
 2. COLOUR AND COLOUR
ANALYSIS
• Colour is a study in and of itself. In dentistry, the effect of
enamel rods, surface contours, surface textures, dentinal light
absorption, etc. on light transmission and reflection is difficult
to understand and even more difficult replicate.
• The intricacies of understanding matching and replicating hue,
chroma, value, translucency, florescence; light transmission,
reflection and refraction to that of a natural tooth under
various light sources is essential but far beyond the scope of
this article.
 3. TOOTH COLOUR
• Analysis of color variation within teeth is improved by an
understanding of how teeth produce color variation.
• Enamel is prismatic and translucent which results in a blue gray color
on the incisal edge, interproximal areas and areas of increased
thickness at the junction of lobe formations.
• The gingival third of a tooth appears darker as enamel thins and
dentin shows through.
• Color deviation, such as craze lines or hypocalcifications, within
dentin or enamel can cause further color variation.
• Aging has a profound effect on color caused by internal or external
staining, enamel wear and cracking, caries, acute trauma and dentistry.
 4. TOOTH SHAPE

• Understanding tooth shape requires studying dental anatomy.

• Studying anatomy of teeth requires recognition of general
form, detail anatomy and internal anatomy.
• It is important to know ideal anatomy and anatomy as a result
of aging, disease, trauma and wear.
• Knowledge of anatomy allows a dentist to reproduce natural
teeth. For example, a craze line is not a straight line as often is
produced by a dentist, but is a more irregular form guided by
enamel rods.
 5. TOOTH POSITION
• Knowledge of normal position and axial tilt of teeth within a
head, lips, and arches allows reproduction of natural beautiful
smiles.
• Understanding the goals of an ideal smile and compromises
from limitations of treatment allows realistic expectations of a
dentist and patient.
• Often, learning about tooth position is easily done through
denture esthetics.
• Ideal and normal variations of tooth position is emphasized in
removable prosthetics so a denture look does not occur.
 6. ESTHETIC GOALS

• The results of esthetic dentistry are limited by limitations of

ideals and limitations of treatment.
• Ideals of the golden proportion have been replaced by
preconceived perceptions.
• Limitations of ideals are based on physical, environmental and
psychological factors.
• Limitations of treatment are base on physical, financial and
psychological factors.
 7. COMPOSITE SELECTION
• Esthetic dentistry is an art form. There are different levels of appreciation so
individual dentists evaluate results of esthetic dentistry differently. Artistically
dentists select composites based on their level of appreciation, artistic ability and
knowledge of specific materials. Factors which influence composite selection
include
• A- Restoration Strength,
• B- Wear
• C- Restoration Color
• D- Placement characteristics.
• E- Ability to use and combine opaquer and tints.
• F- Ease of shaping.
• G- Polishing characteristics.
• H- Polish and color stability
 8. TOOTH PREPARATION

• Tooth preparation often defines restoration strength.

• Small tooth defects which receive minimal force require
minimal tooth preparation because only bond strength is
required to provide retention and resistance.
• In larger tooth defects where maximum forces are applied,
mechanical retention and resistance with increased bond area
can be required to provide adequate strength.
 9. BONDING TECHNIQUES

• Understanding techniques to bond composite to dentin and

enamel provide strength, elimination of sensitivity and
prevention of micro-leakage.
• Enamel bonding is a well understood science. Dentinal
bonding, however, is constantly changing as more research is
being done and requires constant periodic review.
• Micro-etching combined with composite bonding techniques to
old composite, porcelain, and metal must be understood to do
anterior composite repairs.
 10. COMPOSITE PLACEMENT
TECHNIQUE
• Understanding techniques which allow ease of placement,
minimize effects of shrinkage, eliminate air entrapment and
prevent material from pulling back from tooth structure during
instrumentation determine ultimate success or failure of a
restoration.
• It is important to incorporate proper instrumentation to allow
ease of shaping tooth anatomy and provide color variation
prior to curing composite.
• In addition, a dentist must understand placement of various
composite layers with varying opacities and color to replicate
normal tooth structure.
 11. COMPOSITE SCULPTURE

• Composite sculpture of cured composite is properly done if

appropriate use of polishing strips, burs, cups, wheels and
points is understood.
• In addition, proper use of instrumentation maximizes esthetics
and allows minimal heat or vibrational trauma to composite
resulting in a long lasting restoration.
 12. COMPOSITE POLISHING

• Polishing composite to allow a smooth or textured surface shiny

produces realistic, natural restorations.
• Proper use of polishing strips, burs, cups, wheels and points
with water or polish pastes as required minimizes heat
generation and vibration trauma to composite material for a
long lasting restoration.
 Thank you

Any questions ?