Chapter IV: Calculations Used

in Analytical Chemistry
 Some Important Units of
Measurements
International System of Units (SI) - is the modern form of
the metric system, and is the most widely used system of
measurement. We use common measurement systems because
science involves a lot of replication to confirm results.

The most common system used in science is the metric system.

In analytical chemistry, we use the following measurements:

Mass Measurements Volumes of Liquids

Kilograms (kg) Liters (L)

Grams (g) Milliliters (ml)

Milligrams (mg) Microliters (µL)

Micrograms (µg) Nanoliter (nL)

The distinction between mass
and weight
 Mass – the measure of the quantity of matter in an object.
 Weight – the force of attraction between an object and the
earth.

 A chemical analysis is always based on mass so that the results

will not depend on locality.
The mole
 The amount of chemical substance.
 It is always associated with specific microscopic entities such as
atoms, molecules, ions, electrons other particles as represented
by a formula.
Molar Mass of a substance – the mass in grams of 1 mole of that
substance.
Example ;
Formaldehyde CH2O = 30.0g/mol
Glucose C6H12O6 = 180.0g/mol
Note: 1 mol = 1000mmol
Calculating substances in
moles or millimoles
A. Find the number of moles and millimoles of benzoic acid
(M=122.1g/mol) that are contained in 2.00 g of the pure
acid.

b. What is the mass in grams of Na+ (22.99g/mol) in 25.0g of

Na2SO4 (142.0g/mol)?

c. Find the mole in 8.75 g of B2O3.

Solutions and their Concentrations
 Historically, measurements and their corresponding units were
invented at a local level. It was difficult. But because of the
advent of rapid communication of technology, globalization of
measurement science standards was defined.

Molar Concentration
- Concentration of a solute species X
cx = nx/ V = moles of solute/ liter of solution
 Example :
Calculate the molar concentration of ethanol in an
aqueous solution that contains 2.30g of C2H5OH
in 3.50 L of solution.

Describe the preparation of 2.00L of 0.108 M

BaCl2 from BaCl2.2H2O (244.3g/mol).
Describe the preparation of 500 mL of
0.0740 M Cl- solution from solid
BaCl2.2H2O (244.3 g/mol).
 Percent Concentration
Common methods are:

Weight percent (w/w) = (weight solute/weight solution)x 100%

70g of HNO3 per 100g of solution =70% (w/w)
Volume percent (v/v) = (volume solute/volume solution) x 100%
diluting 5.0mL pure methanol with enough water to
give 100mL = 5% (v/v)
Weight/volume percent (w/v) = (weight solute g/ volume solution
mL) x 100%
5 g of silver nitrate in sufficient water to give 100 mL of
solution (5% w/v)
Parts per Million (ppm = mg/L)
Cppm = mass of solute/mass of solution (mg/L)

Example : What is the molar concentration of K+ in a

solution that contains 63.3 ppm of K3Fe(CN)6 (329.3
g/mol).
Chemical Stoichiometry
Empirical formula vs Molecular Formula
The smallest whole Specifies the number of
number ratio of atoms in a atoms in a molecule
chemical compound

CH2O > both an empirical and molecular formula of formaldehyde , but at the
same time the empirical formula of diverse substances like acetic acid C2H4O2,
glyceraldehyde C3H6O3 and glucose C6H12O6.
a. What mass of AgNO3 (169.9 g/mol) is
needed to convert 2.33g of
Na2CO3(106.0 g/mol) to Ag2CO3? B.
What mass of Ag2CO3 (275.7 g/mol)
will be formed?
Find the amount of the
indicated element in mole:
a. 8.75g of B2O3
b. 167.2 mg of Na2B4O7.H2O
c. 4.96 g of Mn3O4
d. 333 mg of CaC2O4
Chapter V: Errors in
Chemical Analyses
Practice;
Find the number of moles and millimoles of solute in:

A. 226 mL of 0.320 M HClO4

B. 2.00 L of 0.0555 M KMnO4