MUNICIPAL RISK REDUCTION AND MANAGEMENT OFFICE

UNDERSTANDING
GEOHAZARDS

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OBJECTIVES:
GENERAL:

• To identify natural hazards in the

community, locate their sites and
possible sites of occurrence.

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SPECIFIC:

– 1. To prevent loss of life.

–2. To minimize human sufferings.
–3. To minimize property damage and
economic loss.

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Hazard
• the event, phenomenon or human activity with the
potential to harm people and their property.

A hazard (e.g. earthquake, flood, or cyclone)

becomes a disaster when it results in injuries, loss
of life and livelihoods, displacement and
homelessness and/or destruction and damage to
infrastructure and property.
Vulnerability
• is the condition determined by physical, social,
economic and environmental factors or processes,
which increase the susceptibility of a community
to the impact of hazards.
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Disaster = Hazard x Vulnerability

D
I
S
A
HAZARD S
VULNERABILITY
T
E
R

Disaster is the impact of hazard i.e. deaths,

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Hazard
Natural Man-made
Natural processes A disastrous event
or phenomena caused directly
occurring in the and principally by
biosphere that one or more
may constitute a identifiable
damaging event. deliberate or
negligent human
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Natural Hazards
Meteorological Topographical
Flood Earthquake
Tsunami Volcanic Eruptions
Typhoon Landslide
Cyclone Sink Holes
Hurricane Avalances
Snow Storm/Blizzard
Hail
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Man-made Hazards
Technological Industrial Warfare
Transport Chemical Terrorism
Failure Spills
Place Failure Radioactive War
Spills
Fire Internal
Conflict
Civil Unrest
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Philippine Disaster Risk Profile

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The Philippines is situated along a highly seismic area lying along the PACIFIC RING OF FIRE
where two major tectonic plates (Philippine Sea and Eurasian) meet and is highly-prone to
earthquakes and volcanic eruptions. This explains the occurrence of earthquakes and
tsunamis and the existence of around 300 volcanoes of which 22 are active

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The Philippines is located in the PACIFIC TYPHOON BELT. The

country experiences an average of 20 typhoons a year, 5 of
which are said to be destructive.

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MILLIONS OF
FILIPINOS ARE AT
RISK
In the past 20 years, 31,835 Filipinos have
reported been killed and 94,369,462 people
have been affected by disasters.
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Natural Hazards
(Geohazards)
FLOOD
• A flood is the inundation of land areas
which are not normally covered by water. It
is usually caused by a temporary rise of the
water level of a river, stream or other water
course, inundating adjacent lands or flood-
plains.

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What causes flooding?

• Heavy rainfall
• Dam or levee failure
• Storm surge (coastal areas)

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TYPES OF FLOODS
FLASH FLOODS
• Caused by very high intensity rainfall,
collapse of dams, or inundation due to
storm surges or tsunamis.

• Extremely dangerous because they leave

very little time for warning and in some
cases, there maybe no warning at all, that
people can be caught unaware and
unprepared.
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Why is a flash flood dangerous?

• Very strong – it can roll boulders, tear out

trees, destroy buildings & bridges and scour
out new channels.

• Rapidly rising water can reach heights of 30

feet or more.

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Areas at Risk
• Areas near rivers

• Densely populated areas

• Low spots such as underpasses,

underground parking garages and
basements

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Flash FLOODS
Timbaban River,
Madalag, Aklan - 2003

BEFORE
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Flash FLOODS
Timbaban River,
Madalag, Aklan - 2003
AFTER

AFTER
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Caliraya, Laguna

BEFORE

AFTER
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EFFECTS OF FLASH FLOODS

Daraga, Albay in 2006

Reina, Quezon in 2004

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COASTAL FLOODS

• Mainly due to storm surges or tsunamis.

• Occurs suddenly.

• Effects and associated hazards are

similar to those of flash-flooding.

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Storm Surge in Surigao City, June 2004

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RIVER FLOODS
• Caused by the overflowing of rivers due to
continuous, heavy rainfall associated with
typhoons or monsoons.

• Rise of water is relatively slower than in

the case of flash-flooding.

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River flooding in Binalonan, Pangasinan during
Typhoon Cosme

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Dam-Spill Floods

• Result from prolonged rainfall, overfilling

dams to their impounding capacity.
• Due to collapse of the dam triggered by a
strong earthquake or heavy loading by
impounded water.

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Sheet FLOODS

• A broad expanse of moving, storm-born

water that spreads as a thin, continuous,
relatively uniform filmover a large area and
is not concentrated in to a well defined
channels.

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Infanta , Quezon Province

November 30, 2004

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Province of Pangasinan, May 18,

2008

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AREAS THAT ARE PRONE TO

FLOODING
1. Places that are always flooded
2. Places with low water table
3. Places where the waterways have been
diminishing due to progress
4. Places that have sunk due to earthquake
5. Places that experience subsidence or
sinking brought about by weak type of
rocks underground like limestone
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1 2

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MITIGATION

1. Structural & Engineering measures

– aimed at controlling flooding

2. Regulation,emergency response
programs and compensation packages
– aimed at decreasing vulnerability and
adjusting to the hazards

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Structural &
Engineering
Measures
– Floodwalls
– Use of levees or dikes
– Flood Impoundment Dams
– Floodways and diversions

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Chanellization which includes the ff:

• Construction of floodwalls
• Construction of floodgates
• Straightening of the river
• Dredging

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Non-Engineering
1. GeohazardMeasures
Mapping and Zonation
2. IEC (Information, Education Campaign)
3. Land Use Planning
4. Regulations
e.g. limit floodplain development to
applications that are appropriate/ adaptable
to recurrent inundations

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VOLCANIC ERUPTION
• occurs when hot materials from the Earth's
interior are thrown out of a volcano. Lava,
rocks, dust, and gas compounds are some
of these "ejecta". Eruptions can come from
side branches or from the top of
the volcano.

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STRAMBOLI ISLAND, ITALY

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EARTHQUAKE
. A weak to violent shaking
of the ground produced by
the sudden movement of
rock materials below the
earth’s surface

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Types of Earthquake
• Volcanic Earthquake - generated by
magmatic activity/volcanism.

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• Tectonic Earthquake - generated by plate

movements.

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TECTONIC MAP OF THE PHILIPPINES

N
Simplified tectonic
map of the
PHILIPPINES

Trough
TRENCH

zon
Lu
Philippine Sea

MANILA

H
NC
ea
aS

RE
h in

ET
hC

PIN
t
Sou

ILIP
NEG NCH
ROS

PH
CH TRE

Sulu Sea
EN
TR

TR.

LU
SU
TO

A
AB
Celebes Sea
T
CO

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• Man-made Earthquake -due to mine

blasting or nuclear testing

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Epicenter - The point on the surface

of the earth above the focus.

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Earthquake Intensity
• A measure of the effects of an earthquake
at a particular place. Intensity depends not
only on the earthquake but also on the
distance from earthquake to epicenter and
on the local geology.

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Depth of Earthquake

1. Shallow - 0 - 70 kms.
2. Intermediate - 70 - 300 kms.
3. Deep - 300 -700 kms.

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EARTHQUAKE RELATED
HAZARDS
• Liquefaction
• Ground Shaking
• Ground Rupture
• Tsunami
• Landslide

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LIQUEFACTION
• Earthquake liquefaction, often referred to
simply as liquefaction, is the process by
which saturated, unconsolidated soil or
sand is converted into a suspension during
an earthquake. The effect on structures and
buildings can be devastating, and is a major
contributor to urban seismic risk.

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LIQUEFACTION
1990 Earthquake in Dagupan City

Magsaysay Bridge Dagupan City

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Ground Shaking
It is a result of the passage of seismic
waves through the ground, and ranges from
quite gentle in small earthquakes to
incredibly violent in large earthquakes.

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Ground Rupture
is the visible offset of the ground surface
when an earthquake rupture along
a fault affects the Earth's surface.

San Francisco, Surigao Del Norte

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Tsunami
is a series of waves
in a body of water
caused by the
displacement of a
large volume of
water, generally in
an ocean or a large
lake.
MIYAKO CITY, JAPAN

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Earthquake Induced Landslide

KUMAMOTO, JAPAN
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LANDSLIDE
• The movement of a mass of rock, debris, or
earth down a slope. Landslides are a type of
"mass wasting," which denotes any down-
slope movement of soil and rock under the
direct influence of gravity.

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Guinsaugon Village in Southern

Leyte

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PLACES PRONE TO LANDSLIDE

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What causes Landslide

•Natural
•Man-Made

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TAGAYTAY RIDGE
Man-Induced
CHERRY HILLS SUBDIVISION

MAHAPLAG, S. LEYTE

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CONTRIBUTING FACTORS
OF LANDSLIDE
1. Steep slope
2. Lack of vegetation
Removal of trees
• Raising of water tables
• Increased soil cracking
• Rate of transpiration is reduced (loss of
water through leaves); thus, soil moisture
increases
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3. Weakening of previously strong rock by

weathering
4. Presence of relict structures
Joints (fractures), bedding planes, faults; Beds of
plastic and impermeable soils
5. Overloading of slope surfaces by
 Weight of rain, rock debris, dead trees,
garbage dumps, buildings, houses, stockpiles

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LANDSLIDE
IN GUISAGON,
Steep slope LEYTE
Slip plane estimated
at 52 degrees

Thickness of soil material

estimated at 5 meters

The soil-rock materials

slid down thru the gaps
between the solid
bedrock and the water-
saturated soil cover

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Vegetation vs. slope angle

No landslide despite cogon
grass vegetation only
Landslide despite
thick vegetation

Infanta, Quezon, 2004

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Weathering

Shear strength of the slope

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Open fractures

Landslide along the Quiom- Payao road, Batac. Rock mass made up of soft
mudstone/shale is faulted.

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OVERLOADING OF SLOPE SURFACE

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TRIGGERING MECHANISMS OF
• Heavy Rainfall LANDSLIDES

“Wrath of Typhoon Frank”

Iloilo/Antique (2008)
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• Strong Earthquakes

Marcos Highway, Baguio City

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MITIGATING MEASURES
KINDS

1. Structural/ Engineering Measures

2. Non-Structural/ Non-Engineering Measures

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STRUCTURAL MITIGATION
Pasig City
After

Before

Rib Concreting
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Before
ULTRA, Pasig City

After

Shotcreting
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Rock Bolting/Soil Nailing Retaining Wall

E.N. Bromhead

Zentoku Landslide on Tokushima island, Japan

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Riprap Nets
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Santa, Ilocos Sur

Wrong

Correct

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DRAWBACK

EXPENSIVE
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NON-STRUCTURAL MITIGATION

HIGH SUSCEPTIBILITY

MODERATE SUSCEPTIBILITY

LOW SUSCEPTIBILITY

USE OF GEOHAZARD MAPS

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USE OF IEC MATERIALS

•Conduct municipal-wide information
and awareness campaign

•Developed and distributed IEC

materials on geohazards (posters,
flyers, comics, videos)

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Learn to recognize
signs of an impending
landslide.

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Doors or windows stick or jam for the first time.

New cracks appear in plaster, tile, brick or foundations.

Outside walls, walks or stairs begin pulling away from the building.

Slowly developing, widening cracks appear on the ground or on

paved areas such as streets or driveways.

Mankayan, Benguet
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Presence of terracetes

San Miguel, BOHOL

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Fences, retaining
walls, utility poles, or
trees tilt or move.

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· Tension cracks have developed

Mankayan, Benguet

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Springs, seeps, or saturated

ground in areas that have
not typically been wet before

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Avoid settlements immediately

Other lessons: below/on steep slopes

Southern Leyte Province Bangui, Ilocos Norte

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Pinut-an, Panaon Is., Leyte, Dec., 2003

Avoid settlements at the mouth of deeply

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Community-Based Early Warning System for
Landslide
Conduct of IEC

Installation of
landslide warning
signage
Bantay, Ilocos Sur
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1. ECONOMIC POTENTIAL (e.g. Land Devaluation);

2. DAMAGES TO INFRASTRUCTURES & PROPERTIES;
3. NEGATIVE IMPACTS TO AGRICULTURAL SECTOR;
4. DISCOURAGE POTENTIAL INVESTORS;
5. DECREASE EFFICIENCY OF BASIC SOCIAL SERVICES;
6. DISPLACEMENTS OF COMMUNITIES;
7. TEMPORARY LAND USE;
8. BUDGETARY CONSTRAINTS; AND
9. DESTRUCTION OF THE ENVIRONMENT.

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ANG TAONG
ALERTO,
MALAYO SA
PELIGRO!!!
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THANK YOU !!!

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